1. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 At the end of the last class… You should have ended up with a lineplot in illustrator with a set of walls drawn in

2. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 But what are we missing?? All the details that make a cave map look like a cave !

3. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 The Symbols that show us what is happening in the cave Remember – We use symbols to ‘explain’ what is really happening in the cave. Slopes really don’t look like ‘Y’s and ceiling drops don’t look like ‘T’s but we use these symbols to represent those features Ultimately we all have to agree on what those symbols mean!

4. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 UIS Symbols Australian Symbols Symbols can come from anywhere We can use: - NSS Symbols - CRF Symbols - MSS Symbols - UIS - Whatever!!! MSS Symbols NSS Symbols

5. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 You just have to remember: Whatever symbol set you decide to use – you must either supply a key, so that others understand what you mean by that symbol Or Refer to a standard accepted set of symbols

6. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Illustrator has some very simple powerful tools that make using symbols very easy Or else very complex cave passages would drive us crazy! These tools include symbol sets, brushes, and brush sets

7. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 So – lets start by taking a look at a often used symbol The Slope symbol We can draw it each time we need it With the pencil Or with the pen But it would take a lot of time, and each one would look different and possibly incorrect!

8. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 A much better way is to use the symbol palette in illustrator! It stores symbols for reuse within a single map, or across a group of maps

9. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 It is very simple to make a new Symbol First – make a very good copy of the symbol you want to use – take your time. Remember, this will be reused time and time again – so you want it looking good Highlight the entire new symbol Drag it into the symbol palette And drop it in – You are done!

10. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 And to use is just as simple Place your pointer over the symbol you want Drag out And Drop! If you want to rotate into the Proper orientation, grab the Corner and spin it

11. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 You can do whatever you want with symbols Mix and match between different caves These are three different sets I have for three different projects

12. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Once you have a full palette of symbols created, you may want to save them to use elsewhere! By clicking the toggle on the top of the symbols screen, you open a menu box with a few options One of the most important is to save the symbol library You can name it whatever you like and save it with all other symbol libraries

13. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Then, in other drawings, you can open up Saved libraries and reuse, saving a lot Of time

14. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 A second Symbols palette will open up, with Name you saved it under. You can drag off the new palette just like the original After you use a symbol from the opened palette It will be added permanently to the symbol palette For your drawing

15. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 To make a long line of symbols You could pull a bunch of symbols And line them up and spin them, But it would take a long time!

16. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Brushes are much more efficient, easier, and just as easy to make and use With it, you can use the brush tool to drag a line that replicates your symbols in the location and direction you want

17. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Brushes are easy to make – first, pick a symbol or an element that you want made into a brush We typically use Pattern Brushes click the toggle on the brushes palette and pick new brush Like our ‘T’ symbol

18. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 The Pattern Brush option box will open with your symbol already in place Leave scale at 100 and spacing at 0 This will leave the symbol at full size and leave no room between successive symbols Set to add space Now pick up the brush tool and try!

19. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Highlite the new brush Pick up the brush tool Drag the brush And you have a pattern!!

20. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 But wait – it doesn’t look like this In fact it looks a lot more like the ledge symbol then the ceiling symbol. Which is good – but not exactly what we wanted What do we do about that ?

21. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Because the brush we created is helpful as the ledge symbol – lets keep it First we name it! Double click on the brush to open the options box Name it ledge brush

22. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Second – with the first brush highlited, click the toggle and specify duplicate brush A ledge brush copy will be made Double click it to bring up options

23. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Play with the spacing untill you get what you want

24. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Don’t forget to rename your brushes As they can be hard to tell apart in the brush palette

25. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Think about what you are trying to create. Just this symbol: when joined together with no spacing makes a great train track Other Symbols:

26. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Make up symbols to use if necessary – I used this symbol to denote rocks purposely gathered into piles Other Symbols:

27. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Flowstone Other Symbols:

28. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Other Symbols: Entrance - dripline

29. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Once you have built up a library of different brushes, you can save them just as we saved the symbols! And you can open other libraries of brushes as well

30. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 In fact, one of the most powerful things about brush and symbol libraries is they can be shared with other mappers, and downloaded over the internet Examples of other brush sets I have available Other symbol sets

31. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Other symbol and brush sets available from internet You do need to make sure they are the same series as your illustrator version

32. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Some Hints: Just as in drawing walls – a tablet can help the use of brushes

33. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Some Hints: Direction that you drag the brush makes a difference Here you can see the ‘leg’ of the ‘T’ is in a different direction based on the way you stroke! This can often screw you up, and there is no easy way to change it, other then to draw from other side I will sometimes start a brush stroke, check the direction and then continue

34. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Some Hints: Sometimes you have drawn the pattern too jagged and it causes the brush to not replicate well This can be fixed by using the smoothing tool, which can be found on the Pencil sub bar, or by pushing the alt key when using brush Dragging the smoothing tool along the path reduces the anchor points and smoothes the path – making symbols look better

35. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 Some Hints: Sometimes a bad stroke end can leave a strange remnant at the end of your stroke. This can ususally be removed by cutting the stroke short with the scissors tool By placing the tool Clicking then separates the end And deleting the malformed sections

36. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 One last word – I usually have the symbols and brushes in a sinigle layer that I call the geology layer. That’s because these symbols ususally represent the geology of the interior of the cave more so then other layers

37. Symbols, Brushes and Geology! Basic Cartography 2 It is the second most important of the first three drawn layers (walls, geology, details)