1. History of Computers Computer Technology Day 2

2. Computer Generations: Overview GenerationTimePrincipal Technology Examples ZerothLate 1800’s to 1940Electro Mechanical Punch Cards Tabulating and Sorting Machines First1940 to 1956Vacuum TubesENIAC UNIVAC I Second1956 to 1963TransistorsMainframes ThirdLate 1960’s- 1970’sIntegrated circuitMainframes Mini computers Fourth1971 to PresentMicroprocessorsMainframes Mini-computers Micro-computers FifthPresent and BeyondArtificial IntelligenceIn development

3. Zeroth Generation  Based on metal gears or mechanical relays.  Examples  French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard  Developed a loom  Controlled automatically by reading instructions from a punch card.  American Herman Hollerith  Regarded as the father of modern automatic computation.  Built first punched-card tabulating and sorting machine. Used for 1890 census Reduced 10-year job to 3 months Saved taxpayers five million dollars

4. Zeroth Generation: Illustrated Punch Card ABC

5. 1 st – 3 rd Computer Generations: Illustrated Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits

6. 1st Generation: 1940-1956  Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.  Very large and expensive to operate.  Took up entire rooms.  Used great deal of electricity  No operating system  Used custom application programs designed specifically for the task the computer needed to perform.  Could only solve one problem at a time.  Input came from punched cards and paper tape.  Output displayed on printouts, not a monitor.

7. 1st Generation: Examples  Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937-1942, considered world’s first.  Used punch cards for input and output.  Solved large systems of simultaneous equations (up to 29 equations with 29 unknowns).  Incorporated several major computing innovations  Binary arithmetic  Regenerative memory  Parallel processing  Separation of memory and computing functions.

8. 2nd Generation:1956-1963  Transistors replaced vacuum tubes.  Used punched cards for input and printouts for output.  Ran programming language compilers.  Programming languages developed  Programmers could specify instructions in words.  Made it possible to develop software.  First computers to store instructions in their memory.

9. 2 nd Generation: Examples  IBM 1620  Announced October 1959  Referred to as CADET, jokingly meaning “Can’t Add, Doesn’t Even Try”  IBM 7090  Designed for “large-scale scientific and technological applications.”  Typical system sold for $2,900,000 or rented for $63,500 month.  NASA used 7090s to control the Mercury and Gemini space flights.

10. 3rd Generation: 1964-1971  Integrated Circuit developed.  First computers that had an operating system.  Multi-tasking ability (different applications could run at the same time).  Central program monitored memory.  Mini-computers developed.  Users could interact with computers through keyboards and monitors.  First computer game published.

11. 3 rd Generation: Examples  IBM 360—Mainframe  Introduced in 1964  Took four years to develop and cost $5 billion ($24 billion today).  One of the major business accomplishments in U.S. history.

12. The Chip that Changed the World Video and Study Guide Day 3

13. 4th Generation: 1971-Present  Intel developed first microprocessor (MPU).  Whole CPU (Central Processing Unit) fit onto one microchip.  Intel 4004 processor contained 2300 transistors on a chip of silicon 1/8” x 1/16” in size.  Altair 8800 was the first commercially available microcomputer.  Sold as a kit for $397 or assembled for $439.  Used a 2 MHz Intel 8080 processor and had 256 bytes of RAM.

14. 4th Generation: 1971-Present  Personal Computers (PCs) became available.  IBM introduced the first home computer in 1981.  Apple introduced the Macintosh in 1984.  Microprocessors became available in other products.  Led to the development of  Networks and the Internet  Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)  Handheld Devices

15. 4 th Generation: Examples  Commodore Pet  First year of production: 1976  Price at Introduction  $595.00 (4K RAM)  $795.00 (8K RAM)  Peripherals  Black and Green Monitor  Dedicated Cassette  Floppy Drive

16. 4th Generation: Examples  HP-85B  Features included  Thermal printer and a tape drive  Built-in tape cartridge drive  Ability to copy anything from the HP-85's display to its printer by touching a key.  Possible to execute subroutines from mass storage devices  Electronic disk (an added option) made it possible to write large programs that ran quickly.  Could purchase either 16K or 32K of user program RAM.

17. 5 th Generation: Present and Beyond  Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).  Voice recognition is currently available.  Parallel processing and superconductors are helping to make it a reality.  Goal is to develop devices that respond to  Natural language input.  Capable of learning and self-organization.