1. Lesson 2: History of Computers
ICT Fundamentals
Lesson 2

2. Definitions of computer:
before 1935, a computer was a person who performed arithmetic calculations
The modern machine definition of a computer based on Von Nuemann’s concept
We have gone from the vacuum tube to the transistor, to the microchip. Then the microchip started talking to the modem.
At present, we exchange text, sound, photos and movies in a digital environment.
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

3. Computing milestones and machine evolution
14th C. - Abacus
- An instrument for performing
calculations by sliding counters
along rods or in grooves
17th C. - Slide rule
- a manual device used for calculation that
consists in its simple form of a ruler and a
movable middle piece which are graduated
with similar logarithmic scales
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

4. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)
Difference Engine , Analytical Engine
- created by Charles Babbage
and Ada Byron
Analytical Engine - a hand
cranked, mechanical digital
computer anticipated virtually
every aspect of present-day
computers.
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

5. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)–
Atanasoff Berry Computer
- built at Iowa State by
Prof. John V. Atanasoff
and graduate student
Clifford Berry
1940s – Colossus
- a vacuum tube computing
machine which broke Hitler's
codes during World War II
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

6. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)
ENIAC
World's first electronic, large
scale, general-purpose
computer, built by Mauchly
and Eckert
vacuum tube based technology
- electronic devices consisting
of a glass or steel vacuum
envelope and two or more
electrodes between which
electrons can move freely.
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

7. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)
1950s -1960s - UNIVAC
- uses "punch card technology"
- The first commercially
successful computer,
introduced in 1951 by
Remington Rand.
1960 IBM 1620
marketed as an inexpensive
"scientific computer“
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

8. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)
– Transistor based technology
- almost completely
replaced the vacuum
tube because of its
reduced cost, weight,
and power consumption
and its higher reliability
The Internet, originally the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network) which began as a military computer network.
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

9. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)
– Integrated circuits (IC) based technology CRAY 1 - The world's first electronic digital computer
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

10. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)
Apples/MACs
- was the first to have a
"windows" type graphical
interface and the
computer mouse.
1986 to today - the age of the networked computing, the Internet, and the WWW.
Tim Berners-Lee invented the networked hypertext system called the World Wide Web.
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals

11. Computing milestones and machine evolution (cont…)
Bill Gates' Microsoft Corp. released Windows 3.1
large commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began offering service to large number of customers.
Personal Digital Assistants (such as the Palm Pilot became available to consumers.
Lesson 2
ICT Fundamentals