1. Early Government Democratic Roots

2. Athens and Rome Athens: Athens: Republic: Leaders elected by male citizens (US:______________________________) Republic: Leaders elected by male citizens (US:______________________________) Direct democracy: All male citizens were members of the legislative branch called the Assembly (US: Legislative branch = _______) Direct democracy: All male citizens were members of the legislative branch called the Assembly (US: Legislative branch = _______) Jury System: male citizens were chosen in large numbers by lot to serve as jurors to try cases Jury System: male citizens were chosen in large numbers by lot to serve as jurors to try cases Salaries for Public Officials: enabled poor citizens to take part in government service (could leave their jobs) Salaries for Public Officials: enabled poor citizens to take part in government service (could leave their jobs)

3. Athens and Rome Rome: Rome: Veto: elected leaders could veto (______) laws passed by the government (checks and balances) Veto: elected leaders could veto (______) laws passed by the government (checks and balances) Representative democracy: Citizens chose other citizens to represent them in the gov’t assemblies Representative democracy: Citizens chose other citizens to represent them in the gov’t assemblies Roman Law (Codified Law): by writing laws down (all areas of society) in a orderly manner, all citizens can know them Roman Law (Codified Law): by writing laws down (all areas of society) in a orderly manner, all citizens can know them Consistent but flexible, and impartial Consistent but flexible, and impartial

4. Enlightenment 17 th and 18 th Century produced a new way of thinking/new philosophies on life and gov’t 17 th and 18 th Century produced a new way of thinking/new philosophies on life and gov’t John Locke: natural rights (life, liberty, and property); gov’t gets it’s power from the people (social contract); gov’t could be changed if it doesn’t meet the people’s need John Locke: natural rights (life, liberty, and property); gov’t gets it’s power from the people (social contract); gov’t could be changed if it doesn’t meet the people’s need

5. Enlightenment Voltaire: Natural rights and religious freedom Voltaire: Natural rights and religious freedom Montesquieu: Gov’t should have limits; separation of powers (3 branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial) Montesquieu: Gov’t should have limits; separation of powers (3 branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial) Rousseau: people give the gov’t it’s power Rousseau: people give the gov’t it’s power

6. Democracies/Republics in the New World Virginia House of Burgesses: started in 1619 Virginia House of Burgesses: started in 1619 1 st such assembly in America 1 st such assembly in America Legislative body elected by the people Legislative body elected by the people Meet once a year in Jamestown Meet once a year in Jamestown Elected body was called burgesses Elected body was called burgesses

7. Democracies/Republics in the New World Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact Signed by males on the Mayflower Signed by males on the Mayflower Needed organization before Pilgrims formed Plymouth Needed organization before Pilgrims formed Plymouth Set up a gov’t structure Set up a gov’t structure

8. American Revolution Events leading towards war: Events leading towards war: Taxes and Acts: Taxes and Acts: Sugar Act Sugar Act Stamp Act (No Taxation without Representation) Stamp Act (No Taxation without Representation) Townsend Act Townsend Act Boston Massacre Boston Massacre Tea Act (Boston Tea Party) Tea Act (Boston Tea Party) “Intolerable Acts” (took away local gov’t) “Intolerable Acts” (took away local gov’t)

9. American Revolution Declaring War: Declaring War: First Continental Congress (1974): met in Philly to agree to fight for American rights and liberty for the colonies First Continental Congress (1974): met in Philly to agree to fight for American rights and liberty for the colonies Patrick Henry “..give me liberty or give me death.” Patrick Henry “..give me liberty or give me death.” Declaration of Independence: Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson 1- Reasons for Separation (win public support/propaganda against the king) 1- Reasons for Separation (win public support/propaganda against the king) 2- Theory of Gov’t (unalienable rights and natural rights/ gov’t protects these rights and gets its power from the people) 2- Theory of Gov’t (unalienable rights and natural rights/ gov’t protects these rights and gets its power from the people) 3- Declaration of War 3- Declaration of War

10. American Revolution Declaration cont…. Declaration cont…. July 2, 1776 > 2 nd Continental Congress met to vote on Declaration July 2, 1776 > 2 nd Continental Congress met to vote on Declaration Debated Jefferson’s document (Jefferson almost left the convention) Debated Jefferson’s document (Jefferson almost left the convention) July 4, 1776 > ratification of Declaration with some changes July 4, 1776 > ratification of Declaration with some changes 12-0 (New York makes it 13-0 on July 15) 12-0 (New York makes it 13-0 on July 15) August 2, 1776 > signing of the Declaration August 2, 1776 > signing of the Declaration “we all must hang together or we shall hang separately” - Ben Franklin “we all must hang together or we shall hang separately” - Ben Franklin

11. Battles of the Revolution Lexington and Concord (1775) > British march to destroy Patriots’ supply of ammunition > Paul Revere’s ride > “shot heard ‘round the world Lexington and Concord (1775) > British march to destroy Patriots’ supply of ammunition > Paul Revere’s ride > “shot heard ‘round the world

12. Battles of the Revolution Trenton and Princeton (1777) > Washington crosses Delaware River to surprise Redcoats > British withdraw from western New Jersey Trenton and Princeton (1777) > Washington crosses Delaware River to surprise Redcoats > British withdraw from western New Jersey

13. Saratoga (1777) > turning point of the Revolution > patriots’ stop two offensives by British > were outnumbered> counterattack and force British army to surrender Saratoga (1777) > turning point of the Revolution > patriots’ stop two offensives by British > were outnumbered> counterattack and force British army to surrender Yorktown (1781) > official surrender of British army ending Revolution Yorktown (1781) > official surrender of British army ending Revolution