1. 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立臺南大學 生態科學與技術學系 教授 Innovations in governance 1 生態議題論述 2011 Ayo NUTN Web: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ 生態議題論述 2011 April

2. Five parts 生態議題論述 2011 2 1.Innovations in understanding complex systems 2.Innovations in evaluating agricultural development projects 3.Innovations in institutions to support people and the planet 4.Innovations in governance 5.Innovations in policy reform

3. Food security ( 糧食安全 )  Agriculture is the world’s largest industry, employing more than 1 billion people and generating at least a trillion dollars’ worth of food annually.  Yet nearly a billion people remain hungry, even while agriculture’s destructive impacts on climate and biodiversity continue to expand.  In 2008 an alarming increase in the number of hungry people triggered numerous high-level conferences on food security. 生態議題論述 2011 3

4. The problem  The problem lies in this key fallacy:  World hunger continues to be framed as a crisis of supply and demand that should be addressed mainly by improving agricultural output and development.  This has resulted in undue emphasis ( 過度著重 ) on technological solutions such as genetic engineering and increased use of chemical inputs to boost production, while ignoring issues of governance and accountability related to aid commitments, public spending, public/private partnerships, and policy recommendations of international financial institutions and donor countries. 生態議題論述 2011 4

5. Overlooks GE  All approaches to end hunger:  Agroecological, chemical-intensive, and genetic engineering  But this attempt ignores the fact that most agricultural investment today is going into technical solutions that concentrate power in hands of a few while missing the social and environmental potential of others.  More important, it overlooks genetic engineering and carries poorly studied environmental and health risks. 生態議題論述 2011 5

6. GE- promoters 1. 私人跨國公司 (Monsanto) 2. US Agency for International Development.  Agricultural Biotechnology Support Program (ABSP) 3. Philanthropic institutions, including the Rockefeller Foundation and the Gates Foundation.  Gates Foundation has spent millions of dollars on the development of GE “nutritious” cassava, bananas, rice, and sorghum.  Nearly 80% of Gates Foundation funding in Kenya is directed toward biotechnology, and over $100 million in grants are to organizations connected to Monsanto. 生態議題論述 2011 6

7.  Gates Foundation awarded a $21.2 million five-year grant in 2009 to the International Potato Center to produce high yielding, stress-tolerant varieties of sweet potato and nearly $1.4 million for three years to Centro International de Agricultura Tropical in 2010 to support efforts aimed at accelerating breeding of cassava for greater productivity, disease resistance and other traits.  Rockefeller Foundation and the Syngenta Foundation, it is funding the Insect Resistant Maize for Africa Project at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. 生態議題論述 2011 7

8. Monsanto  孟山都公司 (Monsanto Company) 創始於 1901 年， 目前是一家跨國農業生物技術公司。  生產的旗艦產品 Roundup ，是全球知名的草甘膦除 草劑。  該公司目前也是轉基因（ GE ）種子的領先生產商， 擁有多種農作物種子， 70%–100% 的市場佔有率。 生態議題論述 2011 8

9. Monsanto stock price 2000-2010 生態議題論述 2011 9

10. Under investigation  Monsanto's development and marketing of genetically engineered seed and bovine growth hormone, as well as its aggressive litigation, political lobbying practices, seed commercialization practices and "strong-arming" of the seed industry have made the company controversial around the world and a primary target of the alter-globalization movement and environmental activists.  As a result of its business strategies and licensing agreements, Monsanto came under investigation by the U.S. Justice Department in 2009. 生態議題論述 2011 10

11. Food security ( 個人與組織 )  Belo Horizonte in Brazil is recognized as a world pioneer in governance for food security.  Citizens’ right to food was actively realized through several innovative programs, including a council of citizen, labor, business, and church representatives to advise in the design and implementation of a new food system; participatory budgeting; “Direct from the Country” farmer produce stands in busy downtown areas; markets that provide food at about two thirds of the market price; “People’s Restaurants” that daily serve 12,000 or more people (less than 50cents a meal). 生態議題論述 2011 11

12. 國家位階的行動  In Indonesia, after achieving self-sufficiency in rice in 1984 the government liberalized its agricultural markets in the 1990s and drastically reduced public support to its farmers.  By 1998, the tables had turned and the country was the world’s largest importer of rice and largest recipient of international food aid.  The government reversed its liberalization policy in 2002 and curbed imports of rice while encouraging domestic production through higher tariffs.  Indonesia was self-sufficient in rice once again in 2004. 生態議題論述 2011 12

13. Useful tools 1. Push-pull intercropping technology 2. Need an ombudsman ( 人權運動者 ), and independent authority with the power to mediate between an institution and the people. 3. Social audits ( 審計 ) ，  for ensuring that funders and corporations are supporting truly sustainable agriculture.  The goal is careful assessments of the social and environmental effects of economic actions. 生態議題論述 2011 13

14. Push-pull intercropping technology 生態議題論述 2011 14

15. A paradigm shift  World hunger is rooted in poverty and environmental degradation,  intervention and a paradigm shift are required that would recognize agriculture as being fundamental to the well-being of all people. 生態議題論述 2011 15

16. Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ 問題與討論