1. Perfect Competition1 PERFECT COMPETITION ECO 2023 Principles of Microeconomics Dr. McCaleb

2. Perfect Competition2 TOPIC OUTLINE I.Perfectly Competitive Markets II.The Short Run III.The Long Run IV.Incentive Effects of Profits and Losses

3. Perfect Competition3 Perfectly Competitive Markets

4. Perfect Competition4  Classification of Markets Four types of market structure Perfect competition Monopoly Monopolistic competition Oligopoly PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS

5. Perfect Competition5 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS  Characteristics of Perfect Competition Definition A market in which there are many sellers, each selling an identical product, with unrestricted or low-cost long-run entry and exit of resources. Key characteristics Many buyers and sellers Product homogeneity Unrestricted entry and exit

6. Perfect Competition6 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS  Characteristics of Perfect Competition Many buyers and sellers No individual buyer or seller is large enough to affect the market price. Each seller can sell whatever quantity it wants at the market price, but an increase or decrease in the quantity supplied by any one seller has no effect on the market price. Sellers in a perfectly competitive market are price takers, not price makers.

7. Perfect Competition7 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS  Characteristics of Perfect Competition Product homogeneity All sellers produce and sell identical products. Consumers view each seller’s product as a perfect substitute for any other seller’s product. Unrestricted entry and exit In the long run, there are no barriers to the entry of new resources into a perfectly competitive market where sellers are earning profits and no limitations on the exit of resources from a perfectly competitive market where sellers are incurring losses.

8. Perfect Competition8 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS  Demand and Marginal Revenue Demand Market demand The market demand curve is negatively-sloped. Market quantity demanded is inversely related to market price. Demand facing an individual seller Consumers’ demand for the product of any individual seller is perfectly elastic at the market price. The seller can sell as much or as little as it wants without affecting the market price.

9. Perfect Competition9 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS  Demand and Marginal Revenue Marginal revenue equals price When an additional unit is sold, the increase in total revenue equals the price: (  TR  Q)=MR=P The seller’s marginal revenue curve is the same as the demand curve facing the seller. The marginal revenue curve, like the demand curve, is perfectly elastic.

10. Perfect Competition10 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS In part (a), market demand and market supply determine the price at which each seller can sell its output. Demand, Price, and Revenue

11. Perfect Competition11 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS In part (b), the market price determines the demand facing the individual seller and its marginal revenue. Demand, Price, and Revenue

12. Perfect Competition12 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS In part (c), if Dave sells 10 cans of syrup a day, his total revenue is $80 a day at point A. Demand, Price, and Revenue

13. Perfect Competition13 PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKETS Dave’s total revenue curve is TR. The table shows the calculations of TR and MR. Demand, Price, and Revenue

14. Perfect Competition14 The Short Run

15. Perfect Competition15  Seller’s Short-Run Equilibrium What is the objective of a seller in the short run? Maximize profits or, if profits are not possible, minimize losses. A seller maximizes profits or minimizes losses by producing and selling the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost: Profit maximizing Q  MR=MC This is just a variation of the basic economic decision rule: choose the amount of every activity where MB=MC. The seller’s marginal revenue is equivalent to marginal benefit. THE SHORT RUN

16. Perfect Competition16 THE SHORT RUN Marginal revenue is perfectly elastic at $8 per can. Seller’s Short-Run Equilibrium Quantity

17. Perfect Competition17 THE SHORT RUN Marginal cost decreases at low outputs but then increases. Seller’s Short-Run Equilibrium Quantity

18. Perfect Competition18 THE SHORT RUN Profit is maximized (or losses are minimized) when marginal revenue equals marginal cost at 10 cans a day. Seller’s Short-Run Equilibrium Quantity

19. Perfect Competition19 THE SHORT RUN If output increases from 9 to 10 cans a day, marginal cost is $7, which is less than the marginal revenue of $8 and profit increases. Seller’s Short-Run Equilibrium Quantity

20. Perfect Competition20 THE SHORT RUN If output increases from 10 to 11 cans a day, marginal cost is $9, which exceeds the marginal revenue of $8 and profit decreases. Seller’s Short-Run Equilibrium Quantity

21. Perfect Competition21 THE SHORT RUN  Seller’s Short-Run Equilibrium Profits or losses? Marginal revenue and marginal cost tell you the revenue and cost of the incremental or marginal units of the good only. They do not tell you the revenue and cost of all units sold. MR=MC is consistent with either profits or losses. It only identifies the quantity at which the profits are largest or the losses are smallest.

22. Perfect Competition22 THE SHORT RUN  The Shutdown Decision Why would a seller incurring losses continue to operate in the short run? A seller never operates if price is less than average variable cost because those costs can be avoided by ceasing operations. Fixed costs, however, are unavoidable. Even if the seller ceases to operate, it still must pay the fixed costs. Therefore, a seller continues to operate if price is at least as high as average variable cost even If it doesn’t earn enough to pay its fixed costs.

23. Perfect Competition23 THE SHORT RUN  Short-Run Supply Individual seller’s supply The individual seller’s short-run supply curve shows what happens to the profit-maximizing or loss-minimizing quantity when the price increases or decreases. If P>AVC, the marginal cost curve is the individual seller’s short- run supply curve. At any P<AVC, the individual seller’s quantity supplied is zero. Thus, the segment of the marginal cost curve that lies above the average variable cost curve is the individual seller’s supply curve.

24. Perfect Competition24 The combination of P=$3 and Q=7 is shown as point S on the seller’s short-run supply curve in the lower diagram. At P=$3, MR also equals $3. The short-run equilibrium quantity is 7 cans a day. THE SHORT RUN At any price less than $3, P<AVC and the firm shuts down--Q=0. This is the shutdown point. Deriving the Seller’s Short- run Supply Curve

25. Perfect Competition25 The combination of P=$8 and Q=10, shown by the black dot in the lower diagram, is another point on the seller’s short-run supply curve. THE SHORT RUN Deriving the Seller’s Short- run Supply Curve At P=$8, MR is also $8. The marginal revenue curve is MR 1. The short-run equilibrium quantity is 10 cans a day.

26. Perfect Competition26 The combination of P=$12 and Q=11, shown by the second black dot in the lower diagram, is another point on the seller’s short-run supply curve. THE SHORT RUN Deriving the Seller’s Short- run Supply Curve At P=$12, MR is also $12, and the marginal revenue curve is MR 2. The short-run equilibrium quantity is 11.

27. Perfect Competition27 Connecting the dots, the blue curve in the lower diagram is the seller’s short-run supply curve. At any P<$3, the seller shuts down and the short-run equilibrium quantity is 0. At any P>$3, the short-run equilibrium quantity is shown by a point on the MC curve. The segment of the MC curve that lies above AVC is the seller’s short-run supply curve. THE SHORT RUN Deriving the Seller’s Short- run Supply Curve

28. Perfect Competition28 THE SHORT RUN At the shutdown price of $3, each seller produces either 0 or 7 cans a day. For example, with 10,000 identical sellers, market quantity supplied is between 0 and 70,000. Deriving the Short-run Market Supply Curve

29. Perfect Competition29 THE SHORT RUN At a price of $8, each seller produces 10 cans a day. Market quantity supplied is 100,000 cans a day. Deriving the Short-run Market Supply Curve

30. Perfect Competition30 THE SHORT RUN At a price of $12, each seller produces 11 cans a day. Market quantity supplied is 110,000 cans a day. Deriving the Short-run Market Supply Curve

31. Perfect Competition31 THE SHORT RUN Market quantity supplied at each price is the sum of the quantities supplied by the individual sellers at that price. The blue line is the market supply curve. The market supply curve is perfectly elastic at the shutdown price. Deriving the Short-run Market Supply Curve

32. Perfect Competition32 THE SHORT RUN  Short-run Market Equilibrium Do sellers in the short-run earn profits, break even, or incur losses? Price is revenue per unit of output. Average total cost is cost per unit of output. If P>ATC  Sellers earn profits If P<ATC  Sellers incur losses If P=ATC  Sellers break even (zero economic profit or a normal accounting profit)

33. Perfect Competition33 THE SHORT RUN If market demand is D 1, the market equilibrium price is $8 per can, shown in part (a) where market demand intersects market supply. Short-run Market Equilibrium: Profit

34. Perfect Competition34 When market price is $8, Dave’s marginal revenue is also $8. His optimal quantity is 10 cans a day, where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. THE SHORT RUN Short-run Market Equilibrium: Profit

35. Perfect Competition35 At the optimal quantity of 10, price ($8) exceeds average total cost ($5.10), so Dave makes an economic profit shown by the blue rectangle. THE SHORT RUN Short-run Market Equilibrium: Profit

36. Perfect Competition36 If market demand is D 2, the market equilibrium price is $3 per can, shown in part (a) where market demand intersects market supply. THE SHORT RUN Short-run Market Equilibrium: Loss

37. Perfect Competition37 When market price is $3, Dave’s marginal revenue is also $3. His optimal quantity is 7 cans a day, where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. THE SHORT RUN Short-run Market Equilibrium: Loss

38. Perfect Competition38 At the optimal quantity of 7, price ($3) is less than average total cost ($5.14), so Dave incurs an economic loss shown by the red rectangle. THE SHORT RUN Short-run Market Equilibrium: Loss

39. Perfect Competition39 THE LONG RUN In part (a), with market demand curve D 3 and market supply curve S, the price is $5 a can. Short-run Market Equilibrium: Breakeven

40. Perfect Competition40 When price is $5, Dave’s marginal revenue is also $5, so in part (b) he produces 9 cans a day, where marginal cost equals marginal revenue. THE LONG RUN Short-run Market Equilibrium: Breakeven

41. Perfect Competition41 At the equilibrium quantity (9), price equals average total cost ($5). Dave earns zero economic profit or a normal accounting profit. THE LONG RUN Short-run Market Equilibrium: Breakeven

42. Perfect Competition42 The Long Run

43. Perfect Competition43 THE LONG RUN  Long-Run Equilibrium Definition In the long run, sellers choose whether to stay in a market or exit the market and enter a new market. The long-run decision is market entry or exit. A market is in long-run equilibrium when there is no incentive for new sellers to enter the market and no incentive for existing sellers to exit the market--the market is neither expanding nor contracting.

44. Perfect Competition44 THE LONG RUN  Long-Run Equilibrium Long-run response to short-run economic profits If short-run profits are positive, new sellers enter the market market supply increases equilibrium price decreases economic profits decrease until they are zero.

45. Perfect Competition45 THE LONG RUN  Long-Run Equilibrium Long-run response to short-run losses If short-run profits are negative (losses), existing sellers exit the market market supply decreases equilibrium price increases economic losses decrease until they are zero.

46. Perfect Competition46 THE LONG RUN  Long-Run Equilibrium Sellers earn zero economic profit in long-run equilibrium Only if long-run profits are zero is there no incentive for new sellers to enter the market and no incentive for existing sellers to exit the market. Therefore, a market is in long-run equilibrium only when there are neither profits nor losses. In long-run equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, sellers break even and economic profits are zero.

47. Perfect Competition47  Long-Run Equilibrium Why do sellers continue to operate in the long run if they earn no profit? In the long-run equilibrium, sellers in a competitive market earn zero economic profit (neither a profit nor a loss). Zero economic profit is the same as a positive but normal accounting profit. Zero economic profit means sellers earn enough to cover total opportunity cost, including a return on the owners’ and shareholders’ investment equal to what they could earn in any other business or activity. THE LONG RUN

48. Perfect Competition48 THE LONG RUN In the initial long-run equilibrium, P=$5 and Q=90,000 cans a day. Demand increases from D 0 to D 1. P increases to $8. At $8, P>ATC and sellers earn profits. Changes in Equilibrium: Increase in Demand As supply increases, P decreases back to $5, where economic profits (or losses) are zero. Q increases from 100,000 to 140,000. New sellers enter the market. Supply increases from S 0 to S 1.

49. Perfect Competition49 THE LONG RUN In the initial long-run equilibrium, P=$5 and Q=90,000 cans a day. Demand decreases from D 0 to D 2. P decreases to $3 a can. At $3, P<ATC and sellers incur losses. Changes in Equilibrium: Decrease in Demand As supply decreases, P increases back to $5, where economic profits (or losses) are zero. Q decreases from 100,000 to 40,000 cans a day. Sellers exit the market, and supply decreases from S 0 to S 2.

50. Perfect Competition50 THE LONG RUN  Changes in Equilibrium Increase in cost If cost increases, sellers incur short-run losses Existing sellers exit the market Market supply decreases Equilibrium price increases Economic losses decrease until they are zero.

51. Perfect Competition51 THE LONG RUN  Changes in Equilibrium Decrease in cost If cost decreases, sellers earn short-run profits New sellers enter the market Market supply increases Equilibrium price decreases Economic profits decrease until they are zero.