1. Manifest Destiny (1840 - 1860) Manifest Destiny (1840 - 1860)

2. Obstacles 1.) Indian Settlements & Tribes - Larger in West; more resistant - Nomadic; harder to assimilate to American culture 2.) Physical Barriers - Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada; deserts - Largely unknown/unexplored 3.) Economics - Money needed to fund trips; for survival

3. “Manifest Destiny”  John O’Sullivan (1845)  ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."  “Myth of West” - Romance; Adventure  “Myth of West” - Romance; Adventure

4. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

5. Aroostook “War,” 1839  The only war ever declared by a state.  New Brunswick, CA v. Maine, USA  Cause: - Boundary dispute; Aroostook County - Expulsion of French-Canadian lumberjacks  Congress votes; 50,000 troops & $10 mil. to “war”  Gen. Winfield Scott negotiates truce; treaty created  The only war ever declared by a state.  New Brunswick, CA v. Maine, USA  Cause: - Boundary dispute; Aroostook County - Expulsion of French-Canadian lumberjacks  Congress votes; 50,000 troops & $10 mil. to “war”  Gen. Winfield Scott negotiates truce; treaty created

6. Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842

7. Texas Independence (1836-1845) Texas Independence (1836-1845)

8. Texas Declaration of Independence

9. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston (1793-1863) Steven Austin (1793-1836)

10. “Lone Star Republic”

11. Remember the Alamo!

12. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand!

13. The Battle of the Alamo General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna recaptures the Alamo

14. Overland Immigration to the West  Between 1840 &1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek west.

15. “The Oregon Trail” Albert Bierstadt, 1869

16. Trails Westward

17. The Doomed Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847

18. The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!  By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.  The joint British / US occupation ended in 1846.

19. The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont The Revolt : June 14, 1845

20. The Mexican War (1846-1848) The Mexican War (1846-1848)

21. The Slidell Mission (1845)  Rio Grande declared border of US & Texas  US would paid American claims to Mexico  US would purchase New Mexico for $5 million  US would buy California at ANY price!  Rio Grande declared border of US & Texas  US would paid American claims to Mexico  US would purchase New Mexico for $5 million  US would buy California at ANY price! John Slidell

22. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may benegotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA)

23. The Mexican War (1846- 1848)

24. General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto “Old Rough and Ready”

25. The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

26. General Scott Captures Mexico City “Old Fuss and Feathers”

27. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

28. Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo, 1848  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the US California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15 million  Agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3.5 million)  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the US California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15 million  Agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3.5 million) The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

29. Results of the Mexican War? 1.17 months; $100 million & 13,000 casualties 2.Forces issue of slavery to center of politics (Mexican Cession; over 1 million acres!) 3.Upset balances of power between N. & S. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.Manifest Destiny partially realized. 1.17 months; $100 million & 13,000 casualties 2.Forces issue of slavery to center of politics (Mexican Cession; over 1 million acres!) 3.Upset balances of power between N. & S. 4.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5.Manifest Destiny partially realized.

30. The Mexican Cession

31. Unresolved Issues & New Opportunities Unresolved Issues & New Opportunities

32. Free Soil Party  “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!  “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.  Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.  Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!

33. The 1848 Presidential Election Results √

34. GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter

35. California Gold Rush, 1849 49er’s

36. California Gold Rush (1849)  Flood of settlers (over 300,00)  Land prices, real estate prices boom  Economies of west grow (supplies, inns, stores)  New Immigrants (Australia, China, Mexico)  In one year, Cali enters US as a free state  Flood of settlers (over 300,00)  Land prices, real estate prices boom  Economies of west grow (supplies, inns, stores)  New Immigrants (Australia, China, Mexico)  In one year, Cali enters US as a free state

37. Gadsden Purchase (1854)  US buys land from Mexico  Mexico needs $$ for war debt  29,000 sq. miles  Finalizes border; railroad connection  US buys land from Mexico  Mexico needs $$ for war debt  29,000 sq. miles  Finalizes border; railroad connection

38. Territorial Growth to 1853

39. Westward the Course of Empire Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

40. The Pony Express  Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.  Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.  Took 10 days.  Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.  Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.  Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.  Took 10 days.  Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

41. Expansionist America in the 1850s America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America

42. Ostend Manifesto (1854)  US bill to invade Cuba; annex to US  Plantation economy  S. argues this as an issue of national security  N. accuses s. of wanting to expand slavery  US bill to invade Cuba; annex to US  Plantation economy  S. argues this as an issue of national security  N. accuses s. of wanting to expand slavery