1. The Myth of Amateur Crowds A Critical Discourse Analysis of Crowdsourcing Coverage Daren C. Brabham, Ph.D. October 14, 2011 Association of Internet Researchers IR12.0

2. Generally, Crowdsourcing is… A process whereby: – an organization poses a specific challenge to an online community (a crowd) – the crowd answers that challenge – the organization benefits from the crowd’s labor Driven by collective intelligence, marginality in innovation & wisdom of crowds Openness + top-down management

3. Crowdsourcing & Amateurism Term coined June 2006, Wired, Jeff Howe – Howe uses “amateur” 3 times in article – Launched blog: Crowdsourcing: Tracking the Rise of the Amateur The buzzword took off quickly, along with the amateur lingo

4. The Impetus for this Study Empirical data start to emerge from the exemplar cases of crowdsourcing that refute amateur claims Professional/amateur distinction in online labor is important topic in Internet research As a critical scholar, the amateur discourse annoyed me

5. Method Critical discourse analysis (CDA) – Textual analytic techniques + critical perspective = textual analysis with broader social/political/economic/historical context in mind – Social scientific in world view (distinguishable from humanistic approaches to texts, e.g. rhetorical criticism) – Fairclaugh, Wodak, van Dijk, Huckin, and others

6. Method Searched LexisNexis database of major world publications August 28, 2011 – Instances of “crowdsourcing” AND “amateur” – Corpus of 101 articles for analysis Read-through from preferred position, then re-read critically.

7. Questioning Factual Basis of Label Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest – Federighi & Snider were film students, had already produced commercial for Converse – Herbert Brothers had help of two dozen media professionals; were not “rags-to-riches”

8. Questioning Factual Basis of Label iStockphoto.com – 47% claim “professional,” most popular choice – 58% had >1 yr. art schooling; 26% had >5 yrs.

9. Questioning Factual Basis of Label Threadless.com – Designer interviews: many are working graphic designers – Motivated by $ and portfolio-building for future work InnoCentive.com – 65% have PhDs, 19.1% other advanced degrees Next Stop Design – 18 out of 23 were working architects

10. Interrogating Amateurism Stebbins: amateurs are distinct category of “serious leisure” on pro spectrum Articles in corpus distinguish pros from amateurs (“amateur and professional” phrase) Dictionaries: “lacking experience and competence,” “unskilled”

11. Pro Power, Conflict, Capitalism Pro power: monopoly over work tasks; convincing public and state that they need them; set of relationships to mass market A threat to the existence of pros – “Crowdsourcing starting to crowd out professionals” – Daily Yomiuri – “amateurs and street reporters do not respect gentlemen’s agreement of professional photographers” – Korea Times

12. Pro Power, Conflict, Capitalism A threat to pro money-making ability – “When low bids win, radiologists lose out; new business models threaten to snatch reads out from under your nose” – Diagnostic Imaging – “Crowdsourcing’s democracy loses some appeal when your rate card is in jeopardy” – Advertising Age Conflict – “small army of amateurs,” “…eager to dismantle the inner workings”

13. Condescending Language Insincere praise, assumes difference in status and worth – “enthusiastic amateurs,” “eager but uninformed amateurs” – “motivated” and “talented” amateurs, as if it’s odd they’d have talent or drive – Work “can be difficult for the pajama-wearing amateur” – New York Times

14. The Race to the Bottom Emphasis on “lowly paid amateurs” who work for “$1 to $5,” “inexpensively,” or “for free.” Creative professionals already not well paid Positions amateurs as good for business, but bad for creative professionals by driving down prices

15. Crowdsourcing: Business as Usual Crowdsourcing praised as “democratizing” all sorts of things – A term also uncritically applied to many things “Web 2.0” Van Dijck and Nieborg: conflating consumers with communities shifts “locus of value extraction” from products to people, strip- mining the crowd for its creative labor “By us, for us” – we assume it’s better

16. Can Crowds Organize? Ultimately, no. Crowdsourcing organizations are in control. But crowds can leave, revolt, etc. Do we need a crowd’s bill of rights?

17. Fail-Safe Public Relations Even in bad crowdsourcing outcomes, pin failure on the backs of the crowd Claim you were innovative and open and transparent for trying out crowdsourcing Then return to hiring professional talent – “amateurs…challenge our notion of quality” – New York Times

18. Why This Matters Crowdsourcing on the rise in business – Crowds need rights, voice, protection, respect Amateur label distracts that discussion Crowdsourcing on the rise in governance – If crowds are delegitimized through discourse, then they are also dismissed as worthy agents in a democracy

19. Thank You! Questions? www.linkedin.com/in/darenbrabham @dbrabham darenbrabham