Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byEmil Harrell Modified over 9 years ago
1
Mental Retardation (MR) Dr Shreedhar Paudel May, 2009
2
MR…… Mental retardation is a developmental disability marked by lower-than-normal intelligence and limited daily living skills Diminished learning capacity and does not adjust well socially Mental retardation is normally present at birth or develops early in life
3
MR…. Mental retardation is defined by two standards – first standard is a person's level of intelligence usually measured by special tests called intelligence tests – Intelligence tests provide a numerical ranking of a person's mental abilities called an intelligence quotient or, more commonly, an IQ
4
MR…. The second standard for mental retardation is adaptive skills – means how well a person can deal with the tasks of everyday life the ability to speak and understand home-living skills use of community resources leisure, self-care, and social skills basic academic skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic); and work skills
5
MR…. Intelligence Quotient:- – Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 – Degrees of mental handicap Mild→ 51--70 Moderate→ 36--50 Severe→ 21--35 Profound → 0--20
6
MR… I.Q level 71—90 → borderline intelligence (not included in mental handicap) Mild and moderate are educable and trainable Severe and profound are custodian
7
MR… Mild Mental Retardation – 85 percent of the mentally retarded population – Individuals often live on their own with community support Moderate Mental Retardation – 10 percent of the mentally retarded population – Individuals often lead relatively normal lives provided they receive some level of supervision – Often live in group homes with other mentally retarded people
8
MR… Severe Mental Retardation – 3% to 4% of the mentally retarded population – master the most basic skills of living, such as cleaning and dressing themselves – often live in group homes Profound Mental Retardation – 1 % to 2% of the mentally retarded population – develop basic communication and self-care skills – often have other mental disorders
9
MR…. Etiology:- – Interplay of several biomedical, sociocultural and psychological factors – Prenatal Metabolic –galactosemia, mucopolysaccharidosis Chromosomal – Down’s synd., Klinefelter syndrome Maternal factor – teratogenic drugs, infection during pregnancy Neuroectodermal – tuberous sclerosis Iodine deficiency
10
MR…. Natal – Birth injury – Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy – Hemorrhage Post natal – Infection – Head injuries – Hypoxia – Thrombosis of cerebral vessels – Kernicterus – Malnutrition – Child abuse
11
MR… Predisposing factors – Low socioeconomic status – Low Birth Weight (LBW) – Advance maternal age – Consanguinity
12
MR…. Symptoms – Continued infantile behavior – Decreased learning ability – Failure to meet intellectual developmental markers – Inability to meet educational demands at school – Lack of curiosity – Etiological presentation
13
MR… Changes to normal behaviors depend on the severity of the condition Mild retardation may be associated with a lack of curiosity and quiet behavior Severe mental retardation is associated with infantile behavior throughout life
14
MR… Investigations:- – Urine tests :- for metabolic diseases – TFT :- T3, T4, TSH – Genetic studies :- chromosomal studies – Serology for TORCH – LP :- any CNS infections – CT and MRI :- hydrocephalus, absence of corpus callosum, tuberous sclerosis
15
MR… Exams and Tests – Abnormal Denver developmental screening test – Adaptive behavior score below average – Development below that of peers – Intelligence quotient (IQ) score below 70 on a standardized IQ test
16
MR… Other Scales – Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence(WPPSI) – Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) – Stanford Biner Test (SBT) – Denver ii development screening test
17
MR… Treatment – The primary goal of treatment is to develop the person's potential to the fullest – Special education and training may begin as early as infancy – This includes social skills to help the person function as normally as possible
18
MR… Treatment – It is important for a specialist to evaluate the person for other affective disorders and treat those disorders – Behavioral approaches are important for people with mental retardation – Parents should be counseled together
19
MR….. Treatment – Anticonvulsive treatment is prescribed for seizures but phenobarbitone should be avoided – Hyperactivity treated with Amphetamine – Psychologically – warmth, love and appreciation
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.