1. RESPIRATION EXTERNAL RESPIRATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION
BREATHING - PROCESS BY WHICH
CELLS OBTAIN OXYGEN AND RELEASE
CARBON DIOXIDE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
PROCESS OF RELEASING ENERGY
FROM FOOD
TO BE USED BY THE CELL

2. RESPIRATION NET REACTION C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY
ACTUAL REACTION
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
6 CO H2O + ENERGY

3. GLYCOLYSIS GLUCOSE ENTERS CYTOPLASM (6 CARBON)
ENERGY OF 2 ATP’S USED TO PHOSPHORYLATE (6 CARBON)
TWO 3 CARBON PGAL + P MOLECULES ARE FORMED
TWO HYDROGEN IONS ARE REMOVED FROM EACH AND ACCEPTED BY NAD TO FORM NADH2 (USED LATER IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION)
TWO ATP ARE GENERATED FOR EACH PGAL MAKING A TOTAL OF 4 ATP
TWO PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES REMAIN (TO BE USED IN ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC RESPIRATION)
NET GAIN IS 2 ATP (4 ARE PRODUCED BUT 2 ARE USED)

4. GLYCOLYSIS GLUCOSE ATP ATP PGAL + P PGAL + P NADH2 NADH2 PGAL + P PGAL
ADP + P
ADP + P
PGAL
+ P
PGAL
+ P
NAD + 2H
NAD + 2H
NADH2
NADH2
PGAL
+ P
PGAL
+ P
2 ADP + 2P
2 ADP + 2P
2 ATP
2 ATP
PYRUVIC
ACID
PYRUVIC
ACID

5. FERMENTATION BREAKDOWN OF PYRUVIC ACID (ANAEROBIC PROCESS)
DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY ATP
USES NADH2 AND REGENERATES NAD+ TO BE USED AGAIN IN GLYCOLYSIS
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
OCCURS IN SOME UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS AND SOME ANIMAL CELLS (MUSCLE CELLS)
HYDROGEN IONS ARE ADDED TO PYRUVIC ACID FROM NADH2 IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
CAUSES MUSCLE SORENESS
TRANSPORTED TO THE LIVER WHERE IT IS CONVERTED BACK INTO PYRUVIC ACID WHEN OXYGEN BECOMES AVAILABLE
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
OCCURS IN SOME UNICELLULAR AND PLANT CELLS (YEAST)
CONVERTS PYRUVIC ACID INTO ETHYL ALCOHOL
NADH2 DONATES HYDROGEN IONS, CO2 AND NAD ARE RELEASED
IMPORTANT IN THE BEER AND WINE INDUSTRY
MOST OF THE ENERGY OF THE GLUCOSE REMAINS IN THE PRODUCTS

6. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONFERMENTATION
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
NADH2
NAD (Return to Glycolysis)
LACIC ACID
fermentation
PYRUVIC
ACID
LACTIC
ACID
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
CO2
ALCOHOLIC
fermentation
PYRUVIC
ACID
ETHYL
ALCOHOL
NADH2
NAD (Return to Glycolysis)

7. AEROBIC RESPIRATION REQUIRES OXYGEN IS ALWAYS PRECEDED BY GLYCOLYSIS
BREAKS DOWN PYRUVIC ACID INTO CO2 AND H2O
OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA
BROKEN INTO THREE STEPS
FIRST
PYRUVIC ACID BROKEN INTO CO2 AND ACETIC ACID AND HYDROGEN IS ADDED TO NAD TO FORM NADH2
ACETIC ACID COMBINES WITH CO-ENZYME A TO FORM ACETYL CO-A
SECOND
KREBS CITRIC ACID CYCLE
THIRD
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

8. KREBS (CITRIC ACID) CYCLE
ACETYL CO-A (2 CARBON) ENTERS THE CYCLE AND COMBINES WITH A 4 CARBON (OXALOACETIC ACID)
COENZYME A IS REGENERATED
FORMS A 6 CARBON CITRIC ACID
TWO HYDROGEN AND CO2 ARE GIVEN OFF (HYDROGEN IS CAPTURED BY NAD TO FORM NADH2
FORMS A 5 CARBON (KETOGLUTARIC ACID)
TWO MORE HYDROGEN AND ANOTHER CO2 ARE GIVEN OFF TO FORM ANOTHER NADH2
AN ATP IS GENERATED WITH SOME OF THE ENERGY OF THE REACTION
FORMS A 4 CARBON (SUCCINIC ACID)
TWO MORE HYDROGEN IONS ARE REMOVED TO MAKE FADH2 USING FAD
FORMS ANOTHER 4 CARBON (MALIC ACID)
TWO MORE HYDROGENS ARE REMOVED BY NAD TO FORM NADH2
REGENERATING THE 4 CARBON (OXALOACEIC ACID) TO START THE CYCLE AGAIN

9. KREBS CITRIC ACID CYCLE
TWO PYRUVIC ACID
MOLECULES ARE
METABOLIZED IN THE
KREBS CYCLE
NAD
NADH2
PYRUVIC
ACID
CO-A
ACETYL
CO-A
NAD
NADH2
H2 O
CO2
CITRIC
ACID
CO2
OXALOACETIC
ACID
H2 O
NADH2
KETOGLUTARIC
ACID
NAD
MALIC
ACID
ATP
ADP + P
H2 O
SUCCINIC
ACID
NADH2
NAD
FADH2
FAD
CO2

10. SUMMARY OF RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS PRODUCED
4 ATP - 2 ATP = 2 ATP GAINED
2 NADH2
ANAEROBIC RESP (ACETYL CO-A)
1 NADH2 PER PYRUVIC ACID = 2 NADH2
KREBS CYCLE
3 NADH2 PER PYRUVIC ACID = 6 NADH2
1 FADH2 PER PYRUVIC ACID = 2 FADH2
1 ATP PER PYRUVIC ACID = 2 ATP
TOTALS
4 ATP
10 NADH2
2 FADH2

11. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
OCCURS IN THE INNER MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA (CRISTAE)
TRANSFERS ENERGY OF H+ IONS TO ATP
3 ATP MOLECULES ARE GENERATED FOR EACH MOLECULE OF NADH2
2 ATP MOLECULES ARE GENERATED FOR EACH MOLECULE OF FADH2
NET YIELD OF ATP FROM ALL RESPIRATION
10 NADH2 X = 30 ATP
2 FADH2 X = 4 ATP
+ 4 ATP
TOTAL ATP MOLECULES