1. Interest Grabber Root Words
The word root is not used only by biologists. Working with a partner, read over each of the following sentences. Try to determine the meaning of the boldfaced word(s) in each sentence. Then, explain how each use of the word root is related to the root of a plant.
1. The love of money is the root of all evil.
2. Tired of moving from place to place, he took root in our hometown.
3. The police were determined to root out the criminals.

2. Section Outline Roots A. Types of Roots B. Root Structure and Growth
C. Root Functions
1. Uptake of Plant Nutrients
2. Active Transport of Minerals
3. Movement Into the Vascular Cylinder
4. Root Pressure

3. Essential Plant Nutrients
Section 23-2
Essential Plant Nutrients
Nutrient
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Role in Plant
Proper leaf growth and color; synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
Synthesis of DNA; development of roots, stems, flowers, and seeds
Synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates; development of roots, stems, and flowers; resistance to cold and disease
Synthesis of chlorophyll
Cell growth and division; cell wall structure; cellular transport; enzyme action
Result of Deficiency
Stunted plant growth; pale yellow leaves
Poor flowering; stunted growth
Weak stems and stunted roots; edges of leaves turn brown
Thin stems; mottled, pale leaves
Stunted growth; curled leaves

4. Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root
Section 23-2
Epidermis
Root hairs
Phloem
Xylem
Apical meristem
Root cap
Zone of maturation
Zone of elongation
Endodermis
Ground tissue (cortex)
Vascular Cylinder
Ground tissue (cortex)
Epidermis
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x)

5. Figure 23–9 Water Transport in a Root
Section 23-2
Figure 23–9 Water Transport in a Root
Epidermis
Endodermis
Cortex
Casparian strip
Cell wall
Root hairs
Cortex
Cell membrane
Active transport of minerals
Phloem
Xylem
Movement of water by osmosis
Vascular Cylinder

6. KEY CONCEPT Roots and stems form the support system of vascular plants.

7. Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
Roots provide many functions.
support the plant
absorb, transport, and store nutrients
root hairs help absorption

8. There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip

9. There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip
apical meristem is an area of growth
apical meristem

10. There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip
apical meristem is an area of growth
vascular cylinder contains xylem and phloem
vascular cylinder

11. There are two main types of roots.
Fibrous root systems have fine branches.
Taproot systems have one main root.
Fibrous root
Taproot

12. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
Baobab trees
Cactus

13. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
grow underground for storage
Ginger rhizomes
Potato tubers

14. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
grow underground for storage
form new plants
Strawberry stolons

15. Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.

16. Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.

17. Primary growth increases a plant’s length.
Secondary growth increases a plant’s width.

18. Tree rings help determine the age of a tree.
heartwood
bands
bark
one year of growth
sapwood

20. Leaves—Up Close and Personal
Section 23-4
Interest Grabber
Leaves—Up Close and Personal
Leaves absorb light and carry on most of the photosynthesis that occurs in a plant. For this reason, leaves are important plant structures. Examine the drawings of the three types of leaves shown in the next slide.

21. Interest Grabber continued
Section 23-4
Interest Grabber continued
Pin oak
Dandelion
Eastern white pine
1. Describe the shape of each leaf.
2. Describe the features of each leaf.
3. How is the structure of a leaf related to its function?

22. Section Outline Leaves A. Leaf Structure B. Leaf Functions
1. Carrying Out Photosynthesis
2. Gas Exchange

23. Function of Guard Cells
Section 23-4
Function of Guard Cells
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed

24. Function of Guard Cells
Section 23-4
Function of Guard Cells
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed

25. Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-4
Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Xylem
Vein
Phloem
Spongy mesophyll
Epidermis
Stoma
Guard cells

26. Label the Leaf

27. KEY CONCEPT Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.

28. Most leaves share some similar structures.
The blade is usually broad and flat.
collects sunlight for photosynthesis
connects to the stem by a petiole
blade
petiole

29. Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers.
cuticle
upper
epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
lower epidermis

30. Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape.
Guard cells surround each stoma.
Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape.
When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas exchanges.
Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water.
guard cells
stoma

31. Leaves may be simple, compound, or double compound.
Simple leaf
Compound leaf
Double compound leaf

32. Leaf veins may be parallel or pinnate.
Pinnate veins
Parallel veins

33. Leaf margins may be toothed, entire, or lobed.
Toothed margin
Entire margin
Lobed margin

34. Most leaves are specialized systems for photosynthesis.
There are two types of mesophyll cells.
both types contain chloroplasts
palisade mesophyll absorbs sunlight
spongy mesophyll connects to stomata
xylem
phloem
cuticle
upper
epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
stomata
lower epidermis

35. Leaves have many adaptations.
for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles

36. Leaves have many adaptations.
for water loss, ex: cactus spines

37. Leaves have many adaptations.
for aquatic environments, ex: water lily

38. Leaves have many adaptations.
for getting food, ex: Venus’ flytrap