1. Advanced Computer Architecture Fundamental of Computer Design Instruction Set Principles and Examples Pipelining:Basic and Intermediate Concepts Memory Hierarchy Design Storage System Instruction-Level Parallelism:Concepts and Challenges Exploiting Instruction-Level Parallelism with Software Approaches Multiprocessors and Thread-Level Parallelism

2. Forces on Computer Architecture Computer Architecture Technology Programming Languages Operating Systems History Applications (A = F / M)

3. Fundamentals of Computer Design Introduction The Task of the Computer Designer Technology Trends Cost Price, and Their Trends Performance Quantitative Principles of Computer Design Putting It All Together: Performance and Price- Performance Power Consumption and Efficiency Fallacies and Pitfalls

4. Microprocessor Performance

5. Cost of Downtime

6. System Characteristics of the the Three Computing Classes

7. Technology Trends Clock Rate: ~30% per year Transistor Density: ~35% Chip Area: ~15% Transistors per chip: ~55% Total Performance Capability: ~100% by the time you graduate... –3x clock rate (3-4 GHz) –10x transistor count (1 Billion transistors) –30x raw capability plus 16x DRAM density, 32x disk density

8. The Most Important Functional Requirements and Architect Faces

9. 1.4 Cost, Price, and Their Trends Prices of six generation of DRAMS

10. The Price of an Intel Pentium III over Time

11. What is “ Computer Architecture ” ? Coordination of many levels of abstraction Under a rapidly changing set of forces Design, Measurement, and Evaluation I/O systemInstr. Set Proc. Compiler Operating System Application Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Firmware Datapath & Control Layout

12. Computer Architecture Topics Networks M Interconnection Network S PMPMPMP ° ° °° ° ° Topologies, Routing, Bandwidth, Latency, Reliability Processor-Memory-Switch Multiprocessors Networks and Interconnections Network Interfaces Shared Memory, Message Passing, Data Parallelism

13. Photograph of an Intel Pentium 4

14. This 8-inch Wafer Contains 564 MIPS64 20k Processors

16. Die yield

17. Estimated distribution of PC Costs

18. The components of price for a $1000 PC

19. 1.5 Measuring and Reporting Performance: Execution Time

20. The programs in the SPEC CPU 2000 benchmark suites

21. The Embedded Benchmark EEMBC:The EDN Embedded Microprocessor Benchmarks Consortium

22. The machine, software, and baseline tuning parameters for the CINT2000

23. Comparing and Summarizing Performance

24. Weighted arithmetic mean execution for three machines

25. Execution times from Figure 1.15 normalized to each machine

26. 1.6 Quantitative Principles of Computer Design Amdahl’s Law

27. Enhancement more, Improvement more

28. Amdahl’s Law (Page41)

29. Performance Comparison-Speedup Amdahl’s Law

30. The CPU Performance Equation(Page42)

31. CPU time Clock cycle time---Hardware technology and organization CPI---Organization and instruction set architecture Instruction count---Instruction set architecture and compiler technology

32. Overall CPI

33. Overall CPI Comparison (Page44)

34. CPI Com.

35. Speedup Pipeline(Operation manual,Regular design,…) Principle of locality-Temporal and Spatial Parallelism-Multiple Units, processors and Cluster Servers, Distributed Computing,… Clock Rate,(Circuits, Devices,…..) Optics,…..

36. 1.7 Performance and Price-performance Seven different desktop systems

37. Performance and price-performance

39. Cluster Systems

40. The performance and the price-performance of cluster systems

41. Price-performance of cluster systems

42. Five different embedded processors

43. Relative performance of five different embedded processors for three of the five EEMBC benchmark suites EEMBC:The EDN Embedded Microprocessor Benchmarks Consortium

44. Relative price-performance of five different embedded processors for three of the five EEMBC benchmark suites

45. 1.8 Power Consumption and Efficiency as the metric

46. 1.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls Fallacies—misbelieves(F) Pitfalls---Easily made mistakes(P) –The relative performance of two processors with the same instruction set architecture(ISA) can be judged by clock rate or by the performance of a single benchmark suite. (F)(Fig.1.28) –Benchmarks remain valid indefinitely. (F)(Fig. 1.29) –Comparing hand-coded assembly and compiler- generated high-level language performance.(P) –Peak performance tracks observed performance. (F)

47. 1.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls The Best design for a computer is the one that optimizes the primary objective without considering implementation.(F) Neglecting the cost of software in either evaluating a system or examining cost- performance. (P) Falling prey to Amdahl’s Law.(P) Synthetic benchmarks predict performance for real programs.

48. 1.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls MIPS is an accurate measure for computing performance among computers.(F)

49. 1.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls The problem with using MIPS as a measure for comparison –MIPS is dependent on the instruction set, making it difficult to compare MIPS of computer with different instruction sets. –MIPS varies between programs on the same computer. –Most importantly, MIPS can vary inversely to performance

50. P4 and P3 performance comparison-Relative performance

51. The tuning parameters for the SPEC CFP2000 report

52. The evolution of the SPEC benchmarks over time

53. The performance of three embedded processors

54. Measurements of peak performance and actual performance

55. 1.10 Concluding Remarks Make the common case fast Chap. 2:The interaction between compiler and instruction set design. Part 3: Pipeline(Appendix A) Part 4: Memory Design(Chap.5) Part 5: Storage System (Chap. 7) (Page1-86),(page87-168),(page A-1~A- 87)…..

56. 1.11 Historical Perspective and References The First General-purpose Electronic Computers Important special-purpose machines Commercial Developments Development of Quantitative Performance Measures:Successes and Failures