1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lower atmosphere composition 9-2

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Atmospheric zones Figure 9.2 9-3

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The electromagnetic spectrum Figure 2.9 2-8

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Climate change (earth's orbit) Figure 9.12a 9-15 Milankovitch Cycles Ellipsity of the Earths orbit has a 90,000 - 100,000 year cycle

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Climate change (axial tilt) Figure 9.12b 9-16 Axial tilt 41,000 year cycle

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Climate change (axial wobble) Figure 9.12c 9-17 21,000 year cycle

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Surface albedo (reflectivity) 9-5

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Carbon cycle Figure 2.19 2-17

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Greenhouse diagram Figure 9.3 9-4

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Convection currents Figure 9.6 9-7

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Circulation patterns Figure 9.4 9-6

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Polar-front jet stream Figure 9.7 9-8

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ocean currents Figure 9.8 9-9

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Monsoons Figure 9.9 9-10

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Temperature/900,000 yrs ago Figure 9.11a 9-11 Source: Data from National Climate Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA, 1998.

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Temperature/10,000 yrs ago Figure 9.11b 9-12

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Temperature/1,000 yrs ago Figure 9.11c 9-13

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Temperature/120 yrs ago Figure 9.11d 9-14

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. La Niña oscillation cycle Figure 9.13a 9-18

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. El Niño oscillation cycle Figure 9.13b 9-19

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Greenhouse gases 9-20

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Greenhouse precipitation Figure 9.14 9-21

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Climate changes and species Figure 9.15 9-22 Source: Data from Margaret Davis and Catherine Zabriskie in Global Warming and Biological Diversity, ed. by Peters and Lovejoy, 1991, Yale University Press.

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Carbon dioxide emissions Figure 9.16 9-23 Source: Data from World Resources 1998-99, World Resources Institute.

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pollution emission reductions 9-24

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Principal pollutants (slide 1 of 2) 9-25

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Principal pollutants (slide 2 of 2) Table 9.5 continued 9-26

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Photochemical oxidants 9-27

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Air currents over north pole Figure 9.20 9-28

33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ozone destruction 9-29

34. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ozone hole Figure 9.22 9-30 Source: Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA.

35. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Global warming and CO 2 Figure 9.1 9-1 Source: Data from Dave Keeling and Tim Whorf, Scripps Institute of Oceanography.

36. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chlorofluorocarbon production Figure 9.23 9-31 Source: Data from Sebastian Oberthur, Production and Consumption of Ozone-Depleting Substances, 1986-1995 (Deutsche Gesellschaft for Technische Zusammenarbeit, Bonn Germany, 1997, p. 30).

37. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. U.S. acid precipitation map Figure 9.25 9-32 Source: National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu.

38. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Emission-control system (car) Figure 9.28 9-33

39. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Air quality standards (NAAQS) 9-34

40. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. U.S. air pollution trends Figure 9.29 9-35 Source: Data from Environmental Protection Agency.