1. Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)
Waking and Sleeping Rhythms
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. Waking Consciousness Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3. Waking Consciousness Selective Attention
focusing of consciousness on a particular stimulus
as in the cocktail party effect

4. Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm
periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle

5. Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

6. Sleep and Dreams
Measuring sleep activity

7. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences

8. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

9. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutes of
Stage 4 and
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25
Decreasing
Stage 4
Increasing

10. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents

11. Sleep Deprivation Spring time change (hour sleep loss)
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
Monday before time change
Monday after time change
Accident
frequency

12. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
momentary reawakenings

13. Night Terrors and Nightmares
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
seldom remembered

14. Dreams: Freud
Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering

15. Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning

16. Dreams As Information Processing As a Physiological Function
helps facilitate memories
As a Physiological Function
periodic brain stimulation
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

17. Sleep Across the Lifespan