1. Lecture 024 Kingdoms Fungi & Plantae

2. Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera

3. Kingdom Fungi About 100,000 species About 300,000 species Kingdom Plantae

4. Kingdom Fungi About 100,000 species Uses: medicine food Ecological value: major decomposers symbiotic relationships (N 2 fixers) Problems: some strains are deadly athletes foot destroy library books destroy crops

5. About 30% of the 100,000 known species of fungi are parasites, mostly on or in plants. –American elms: Dutch Elm Disease Some fungi are pathogens Was once one of America's most dominant trees –American chestnut: chestnut blight

6. Other fungi, such as rusts and ergots, infect grain crops, causing tremendous economic losses each year. Some fungi are pathogens

7. Curse of the Mummy Some fungi are pathogens

8. Athletes Foot Some fungi are persistant

9. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic, absorptive Mostly multicellular (except few, e.g. yeast) Heterotrophic (decomposers & parasitic) Mycelium (body of hyphae) Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms

10. Kingdom Fungi Firm cell walls (generally of “chitin”) “Spores” as reproductive bodies Unique chromosomes and nuclei

12. hyphae - the vegetative bodies of most fungi, constructed of tiny filaments mycelium -an interwoven mat of hyphae

13. Human hair Fungal hypha

14. Haustoria: Modified hyphae found in parasitic fungi Function: absorb nutrients from host Some fungi even have hyphae adapted for preying on animals.

15. Kingdom Fungi Division Chytridiomycota Division Ascomycota Division Basidiomycota Division Zygomycota Division Deuteromycota

16. Fungus-like protist Deuteromycota ?

17. The four fungal phyla can be distinguished by their reproductive features.

18. mainly aquatic. Some are saprobes, while others parasitize protists, plants, and animals. chitinous cell wall flagellated zoospores the most primitive fungi Division Chytridiomycota

19. Division Zygomycota “Zygote fungi” (bread molds) Zygote = “mated” hyphal strands Live in soil, water Some are parasites 600 species

20. Mated hyphal strands

22. Division Ascomycota “Sac fungi” (truffles, yeast) Beer > 6,000 years Wine > 8,000 years Lichens Decomposers, pathogens 60,000 species “yeast” describes a form of fungi (i.e., non-hyphal)

23. Division Ascomycota Scarlet cup truffles Morchella

24. Roquefort cheese Close up of cheese showing blue-green mycelium of Penicillium roqueforti. Division Ascomycota

25. Yeast

26. Lichen

27. Lichen Anatomy

28. Division Basidiomycota “Club fungi” (mushrooms) Club-shaped reproductive structure Food Plant diseases 25,000 species

31. Fairy Ring

32. Division Deuteromycota “Imperfect fungi” (penicillin) Unrelated group Asexual No info on sexual cycle 25,000 species

33. Penicillin Woops… now Ascomycota

34. Candida albicans “yeast infection”

35. Botrytis: “Noble Rot”

36. Plant-Fungal Relationships Mycorrhizae (“fungus roots”) 90% of tree species have this association Very important to absorption of water and nutrients

37. Soil surface Plant roots Mycorrhizae Increases s.a. for absorption

38. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. Photoautotrophic nutrition. Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues. Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls. Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

39. Kingdom Plantae Division Bryophyta Division Pteridophyta Division Coniferophyta Division Anthophyta

40. Kingdom Plantae Bryophyta Pteridophyta Coniferophyta Anthophyta

41. Division Bryophyta “Mosses,” “liverworts,” “hornworts” Moist terrestrial No vascular tissue 16,000 species

43. Vascular Systems Water uptake Anchor Ability to grow tall

44. Reproduction Pollen Seeds or spores Works in a dry environment

45. Division Pteridophyta “Ferns” True vascular system Seedless (spores) 12,000 species

47. Division Coniferophyta “Conifers” (pines) Naked seeds in a cone Tallest, oldest plants Important source of wood, paper 500 species

49. Division Anthophyta “Flowering plants” Particularly successful in dry habitats Flowers and fruits: associations with animals Transport sperm & reproductive propagules 230,000 species

53. Mangrove Distribution There are approximately 40 species of mangroves distributed worldwide

54. Prop roots: help support the tree Pneumatophores: respiratory function– take in O 2 push nutrients to the upper soil layer

55. Ecological Role of Mangroves: Stabilize sediment Accumulate detrital or other foreign material Habitat for epiphytes Fish and invertebrate nursery Nesting/roosting sites for birds Limited role as a direct food source Major contributor to detrital food chain Protect shoreline from erosion during tropical storms

56. fish and shrimp cultivation food for people firewood and boat building material tanning material finest honey Mangrove Use: Shrimp farm surrounded by degraded mangroves, Vietnam

57. Seagrass beds 57 species worldwide

58. Classification Five kingdom system: MoneraProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Angiosperms Gymnosperms

59. Distribution: 12 genera of seagrasses (5 in the high latitude and 7 in the low latitude) True marine angiosperm Evolved from shoreline Lillie-like plants~100 mya Vascular plants reinvaded the seas 3 different times (algae is nonvascular; i.e., no need for roots to transport water and nutrients) Can grow and reproduce while completely submerged under water

60. Halophila hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

61. Develop in: intertidal and shallow subtidal areas on sands and muds marine inlets and bays lagoons and channels, which are sheltered from significant wave action

62. 1.Help stabilize the sediment 2.Prevents resuspension of sediments in water (water is clearer) 3.Binds substratum, reduces turbidity, and reduces erosion 4.Sediment accumulation slows velocity of incoming water 5.Food for many organisms 6.Refuge for many organisms

63. Flowering plants provide nearly all our food. –All of our fruit and vegetable crops are angiosperms. –Corn, rice, wheat, and other grain are grass fruits. The endosperm of the grain seeds is the main food source for most of the people of the world and their domesticated animals. We also grow angiosperms for fiber, medications, perfumes, and decoration. Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms

65. Adverse Practices: Swidden (Slash & Burn Agriculture )

66. Logging Practices Tropical deforestation is taking a heavy toll on global biodiversity.

67. More than 25% of prescription drugs are extracted from plants, and many more medicinal compounds were first discovered in plants and then synthesized artificially. CompoundExample of SourceExample of Use AtropineBelladonna plantPupil dilator in eye DigitalinFoxgloveHeart Medication MentholEucalyptus treeIngredient in cough medicines Morphine Opium poppyPain reliever QuinineQuinine treeMalaria preventative TaxolPacific Yew treeOvarian cancer drug TubocurarineCurare treeMuscle relaxant during surgery VinblastinePeriwinkleLeukemia drug A sample of medicine derived from plants

68. www.botany.hawaii.edu