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© Richard Goldman September 18, 2006

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1 © Richard Goldman September 18, 2006
Module 2 As Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future Chapter 14 - Pages Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition PSY110 Psychology © Richard Goldman September 18, 2006

2 Psychological Perspectives
Early Structuralism Introspection Functionalism Gestalt Psychology Contemporary Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic

3 Structuralism an Early Perspective
Developed by Wilhelm Wundt Set up first psychology laboratory 1879 Studied with a procedure called Introspection Patients were asked about stimuli Focused on the fundamental mental states of: Perception Consciousness Thinking Emotions (and other mental states and activities) Discredited because results were not reproducible

4 Introspection Subject is presented with stimulus the psychologist then use the subject’s response to describe the mind Discredited because it was not reproducible - not scientific Replaced by Functionalism and Gestalt Psychology

5 Functionalism an Early Perspective
Lead by William James in the early 1900’s Focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior (how it allowed people to adapt to their environment)

6 Gestalt Psychology an Early Perspective
Improved understanding of perception by viewing a variety of individual elements as a “whole” “The whole is different from the some of its parts”.

7 Neuroscience A Contemporary Perspective
Biologically based – emphasizing the study of: Brain, Never cell, & nervous system Biochemistry & Hormones Medication Inheritance Instinct

8 Psychodynamic A Contemporary Perspective
Sigmund Freud – 1900 Behavior is motivated by inner unconscious forces Psychoanalysis Free Association

9 Behavioral Behaviorism originated with the work of John B. Watson, an American psychologist Watson believed that psychological data which did not result from direct observation was useless. Championed by BF Skinner operant conditioning “Skinner Box”

10 Cognitive How people understand and think

11 Humanistic People control their own behavior Free will Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

12 Issues & Controversies
Nature verses Nurture Conscious verses Unconscious motivations Free Will verses Determinism Observable Behavior vs. Mental Processes Universal Principals vs. Individual Differences

13 Nature vs. Nurture Nature: Nurture
Behavior is determined by inheritance Nurture Behavior is determined by environment

14 Free Will vs. Determinism
Behavior is controlled by freely made choices Determinism: Inheritance Instinct Environment Training Behavior is not controlled by free will

15 Observable Behavior vs. Internal Mental Processes
Can be seen by an outside observer Allows easy application of scientific process Internal Mental Processes Critical to understanding mental processes

16 Universal Principals vs. Individual Differences
Behavior and responses that are similar to all humans in all cultures Individual Differences: Individual differences in humans within a culture

17 End

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