1. The Matchstick Problem  How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?

2. The Three-Jugs Problem  Using jugs A, B, and C, with the capacities shown, how would you measure out the volumes indicated?

3. The Candle-Mounting Problem  Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

4. Thinking  Mental Set  tendency to approach a problem in a particular way  especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

5. Thinking  Functional Fixedness  tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions  impediment to problem solving

6. The Matchstick Problem  Solution to the matchstick problem

7. The Three-Jugs Problem  Solution: a) All seven problems can be solved by the equation shown in (a): B - A - 2C = desired volume.  b) But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and 7, such as A - C for problem 6.

8. The Candle-Mounting Problem  Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

9. Language  Language  our spoken, written, or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning  Phoneme  in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

10. Language  Morpheme  in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning  may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)  Grammar  a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

11. Language  Semantics  the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language  also, the study of meaning  Syntax  the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

12. Language  We are all born to recognize speech sounds from all the world’s languages 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage able to discriminate Hindi t’s Hindi- speaking adults 6-8 months 8-10 months 10-12 months English- speaking adults Infants from English-speaking homes

13. Language  Babbling Stage  beginning at 3 to 4 months  the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language  One-Word Stage  from about age 1 to 2  the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words

14. Abby Speaks!

15. Language  Two-Word Stage  beginning about age 2  the stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements  Telegraphic Speech  early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram-–“go car”--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words

16. Language Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage 4 10 12 24 24+ Babbles many speech sounds. Babbling reveals households language. One-word stage. Two-world, telegraphic speech. Language develops rapidly into complete sentences.

17. Language  Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain

18. Language  New language learning gets harder with age 100 90 80 70 60 50 Native3-78-1011-1517-39 Percentage correct on grammar test Age at school

19. Language  Linguistic Determinism  Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

20. Language  The interplay of thought and language

21. Animal Thinking and Language  The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun Direction of nectar source

22. Animal Thinking and Language  Gestured Communication

23. Animal Thinking and Language  Is this really language?

24. Apes and Signing - Koko

25. Jane Goodall

26. Animal and Man – not that different?