1. SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEWS of LEARNING

2. Observational Learning Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior. Often involves imitation  Modeling Another name for observational learning. Improved learning when several sessions of observation precede attempts to perform the behavior and when repeated in the early stages of practicing it.

3.  Model A person who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated  Modeling Effect Learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses. Teachers showing how to solve math problems on the board then followed step-by-step until accomplished.

4. Observational Learning  Elicitation Effect Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation Watching someone use appropriate silverware at an elaborate state dinner so you too act correctly.

5. Observational Learning  Disinhibitory Effect Displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment.  Not belching in public  Copying drinking or drug use seen in movies or TV shows.

6. Observational Learning  Inhibitory Effect Suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior.  Slowing down when seeing others receive speeding ticket  A mother’s fear of snakes can be passed on to toddlers

7. Bandura and Observed Violence Demonstrated how children are influenced by aggressive models. “Bobo Doll” and later studies confirmed exposure to humans on film portraying aggression was the most influential in eliciting and shaping aggressive behavior. Violent video games increase aggressive behavior Violence in music, music videos, advertising, and on the Internet also influence behavior Observing consequences for aggressive acts help preschoolers learn violence is morally unacceptable

8. Bandura  School age children judge rightness or wrongness of violence based on provocation  Retaliation believed morally acceptable even if punished by authority figures  Individuals who watch the most violence as children were more likely to engage in acts of violence as adults.  Children will also imitate prosocial or helping behavior  Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood and Sesame Street

11. Social Processes in Learning  Different meanings for different students  Learning is a social process  Observation, dialogue, culture affect learning

12. © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Elements of Reciprocal Determinism Environment: -consequences -physical setting -resources Environment: -consequences -physical setting -resources Personal Factors: Beliefs,expectations,attitudes Personal Factors: Beliefs,expectations,attitudes Behavior: -verbal statements -choices -actions Behavior: -verbal statements -choices -actions

13. Bandura Social Learning Theory - 1960s Observation Modeling Vicarious Reinforcement Social Cognitive Theory - Current Expectations Beliefs

14. Predictors of Success Self-Efficacy – Future – Specific Expertise ↑ Self-Concept – Present – General Thought ↑ Self-Esteem – Immediate – Feeling

15. Factors That Influence Observational Learning  Developmental level of learner  Status and prestige of the model  Similarity of models  Vicarious consequences  Outcome expectations  Value of the goal  Self-efficacy

16. © Allyn & Bacon 2007

17. Self-Regulated Learning Set Goals & Devise Plans Apply Strategies & Regulate Learning Analyze the Task

18. Self-Regulating Students  Know themselves: Know their learning styles, strengths, interests, & distractions  Know and apply successful strategies: Skimming – mnemonic devices  Recognize & Differentiate contexts: Connect present goals to future contexts  Manage their own volition: Protect opportunities to reach their own goals

19. Teacher Strategies to Increase Self-Regulation  Have students set short term goals  Teach strategies – outlining/note- taking  Reward achievement not simply engagement  Share the locus of control – offer choice

20. Teacher Strategies to Increase Self-Regulation  Teach problem-solving transfer  Employ complex or thematic learning units  Formal and informal self-evaluation  Collaborative work structures

21. Diversity  Social cognitive theory rests on the power of diversity  Reciprocal interactions between personal environmental & behavioral factors reflect diversity  Social context, culture, personal history, ethnicity, language, & racial identity shape knowledge, beliefs & environmental features for each student differently