1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
DNA is a non-living stable molecule. The DNA code is universal, allowing it to work the same in all living things. This is a critical fact that makes genetic engineering possible

2. DNA Structure DNA is a long molecule made up of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of three basic parts:
a 5-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base

3. Nucleotide Consists of: - a phosphate group - a 5 carbon sugar
- a nitrogen base
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)

4. NITROGEN BASES Purines = adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines = thymine and cytosine
Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C)
A G C A
T C

5. A group of three nucleotides is called a codon.
Codon codes for a specific amino acid.
There are 20 different amino acids.
Their abbreviations are listed in the right half of each column.
The codons coding that particular amino acid are listed on the left half.

6. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Genetic Code
Model of DNA was first constructed by Watson and Crick in 1953
Spiral shaped = double helix
Composed of nucleotides

7. DNA Double strand-Double Helix Sides: repeating phosphate group
deoxyribose (sugar)
Rungs: base pairs
adenine-thymine
A---T
guanine-cytosine
G---C
Held together by hydrogen bonds

8. DNA in a nutshell…
DNA is composed of nucleotides bonded to a sugar-phosphate backbone. Double stranded DNA forms a double helix structure.
The DNA double helix coils up into compact structures called chromosomes. Small segments of the chromosome that encode a single protein are called genes.
Chromosomes are microscopic. There are thousands of genes on each chromosome and hundreds of nucleotides in the DNA sequence of each gene.
The role of DNA is to store and pass on genetic information.

9. DNA Carries genetic code
Sequence of nucleotide bases determines type of protein
makes RNA

10. DNA Extraction
DNA extraction is necessary because genetic engineers need to be able to work with the DNA, cut it, locate and clone a single gene, and modify the gene before they insert it into another organism. The steps in DNA extraction are:
Plant tissue is crushed to break open the cells and release the DNA.
Buffered salt solution is added into which the DNA easily dissolves.
Organic solution is added into which other molecules, such as proteins and fats, easily dissolve purifying the DNA solution.
The purified DNA solution is separated from the organic waste solution.
Alcohol is added to the DNA solution causing the DNA to precipitate out into a solid string that can be spooled out with a glass hook and stored indefinitely.

11. Replication
occurs before a cell divides
makes two exact copies

12. DNA Replication
DNA makes an exact copy of itself this takes about 8 hours.
Enzyme tell the DNA to unzip
Unpaired bases react with free floating bases
Bonds form resulting in 2 new DNA molecules

14. Structure of RNA Single strand of nucleotides bonded into a chain
Each nucleotide contains
Ribose, sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil
Adenine pairs with Uracil/ Cytosine pairs with Guanine

15. Types of RNA messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
carry instructions for assembling amino acids
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
rRNA and proteins make up ribosomes
transfer RNA (tRNA)
transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

16. TRANSCRIPTION When DNA gives RNA the code RNA enzyme unzips DNA
RNA nucleotides join the DNA complimentary bases
mRNA nucleotides bond and leave the nucleus

17. Transcription
When transcription begins, the DNA code is in the nucleus while the amino acids, which will compose the protein to be produced, are in the cytoplasm.
A molecule called mRNA polymerase reads the gene to be produced and makes a copy of the DNA sequence called RNA.
The mRNA strand is able to travel outside of the nucleus into the cytoplasm with the amino acids.

18. Codon Table Wheel
To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outwards.
Ex: CAU and CAC both code for Histidine

19. START & STOP SIGNALS
To start the protein synthesis the codon AUG must be present
To stop the protein synthesis there’s a stop codon UAA, UGA, UUC

20. TRANSLATION
Process of assembling proteins from the information encoded in RNA
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
the codon ( 3 bases in sequence on the mRNA)
tRNA, transfer RNA leaves the nucleus and picks up an amino acid
the anticodon is the compliment to the codon on mRNA

21. mRNA codon
TRANSLATION
ribosome
tRNA
Amino acid

22. Proteins in a nutshell…
Proteins are chains of amino acids bonded together and folded into a 3-dimensional structure.
Proteins do the 'work' in a cell and function in 3 ways:
Enzyme=catalyze reactions
Structure=influence cell shape and tissues
Regulate=regulate the expression of other genes

23. How are Proteins made from DNA?
A ribosome, present in the cytoplasm, reads the RNA strand three nucleotides at a time.
The protein folds up into the shape dictated by the amino acids. This shape gives the protein its function and allows it to do its work in the cell.
The codon codes for a specific amino acid. The ribosome reads the RNA strand and places the proper amino acids together in the order encoded in the strand.

24. Cloning page
Cloning activity:

25. -The 22 autosomes are numbered by size.
Chromosomes
-The 22 autosomes are numbered by size.
-The other two chromosomes, X and Y, are the sex chromosomes. The above picture of the human chromosomes lined up in pairs is called a karyotype.

26. Chromosomal Disorders
A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a different form of a gene called a variation, or an alteration of a gene called a mutation.
Some, including many cancers, are caused by a mutation in a gene or group of genes in a person's cells.
These mutations can occur randomly or because of an environmental exposure such as cigarette smoke.
Other genetic disorders are inherited. A mutated gene is passed down through a family and each generation of children can inherit the gene that causes the disease.
Still other genetic disorders are due to problems with the number of packages of genes called chromosomes. In Down syndrome, for example, there is an extra copy of chromosome 21.

27. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder resulting from three chromosomes instead of two in chromosome pair 21