1. DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis

2. I. What are Proteins? A.Proteins are organic molecules made of various arrangements of 20 amino acids B.Examples- 1.Enzymes. 2.Transport proteins and receptor molecules in cell membranes -ex. hemoglobin

3. … 3.Hormones- ex. Insulin, adrenaline, testosterone 4.Structural proteins- ex. Keratin and collagen in skin, actin and myosin of muscle. I. What are Proteins? (con’t)

4. … 5.Antibodies 6.Storage molecules- ex. Albumin in egg white, casein in milk, and plant proteins in seeds. I. What are Proteins? (con’t)

5. Amino Acids are put together at the ribosome to form proteins…Amino Acids are put together at the ribosome to form proteins… The order in which the amino acids are to be arranged depends on the instructions from your genes …The order in which the amino acids are to be arranged depends on the instructions from your genes … which can be found in the “control center”… the nucleus… …which contains DNA… …where your genes are found II. How are proteins made?

6. III. What is a Gene? A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a protein (or one subunit in a protein.)

7. IV. What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid

8. A.DNA Structure 1.The structure of DNA was first described by Watson & Crick in 1953. Double helix- twisted ladder

9. A.DNA Structure 2.The DNA molecule is made up of Nucleotides.

10. B.A Nucleotide – the building blocks of DNA 1.Sugar 2.Phosphate group (phosphoric acid) 3.A Nitrogen base So for DNA… the sugar = deoxyribose phosphate group nitrogen base (4 different kinds) Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

11. C. Shape of DNA-twisted ladder 1.Sides of the ladder= sugar + phosphate 2.Rungs (steps) = nitrogen bases PP PP S S S S S S NB

12. C.Shape of DNA-twisted ladder (con’t) 3. sugar + phosphate are held together by strong covalent bonds 4.nitrogen bases are held together by weak hydrogen bonds PP PP S S S S S S NB

13. D. The Nitrogenous Bases 1.4 nitrogenous bases of DNA a.Adenine b.Thymine c.Cytosine d.Guanine 2.Base-Pairing Rule: Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T, T-A) Guanine pairs with Cytosine (C-G, G-C)

14. E. DNA’s Problem 1.DNA cannot leave the nucleus. 2.So, How does it get the instructions to the ribosome?.... …RNA

15. V.What is RNA? Ribonucleic Acid

16. A. RNA Structure 1.RNA is made up of nucleotides. a.Sugar = Ribose b.Phosphate Group c.4 Different Nitrogen Bases 1.Adenine 2.Uracil 3.Cytosine 4.Guanine

17. A. RNA Structure 2.Base-Pairing Rule- Adenine pairs with Uracil Cytosine pairs with Guanine 3.RNA is single-stranded. 4.RNA can leave the nucleus.

18. B.Types of RNA 1.mRNA-messenger RNA takes DNA’s instruction from the nucleus to the ribosome. 2.tRNA-transfer RNA brings an amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. 3.rRNA-ribosomal RNA

19. C.Going from DNA to mRNA to tRNA (one side) DNA strand… …pairs with mRNA strand… …pairs with tRNA strand AUA TAU CGC GCG

20. VI. How does DNA give the message to RNA? Transcription A.Transcription is the process of DNA making RNA.

21. 1.The DNA strands separate at the H- bonds holding the nitrogen bases together. *An enzyme causes the unwinding. B. Steps of Transcription: DNA strand The Nucleus deoxyribose phosphate adenine thymine cytosine guanine ribose uracil

22. 2.mRNA (messenger RNA) pairs up with DNA B. Steps of Transcription: DNA strand The Nucleus deoxyribose phosphate adenine thymine cytosine guanine ribose uracil

23. 3. The mRNA nucleotides covalently bond. B. Steps of Transcription: DNA strand The Nucleus deoxyribose phosphate adenine thymine cytosine guanine ribose uracil

24. 4. The DNA strands will bond back together. 5. The mRNA chain can now leave the nucleus & goes to Ribosome. B. Steps of Transcription: DNA strand The Nucleus deoxyribose phosphate adenine thymine cytosine guanine ribose uracil

25. 6. Where is mRNA going? ……………………… ………to a ribosome B. Steps of Transcription: DNA strand The Nucleus deoxyribose phosphate adenine thymine cytosine guanine ribose uracil

26. VII. What Happens at the Ribosome? Translation A.Translation is protein synthesis and occurs on a ribosome. B.The ribosome is a protein-RNA structure with two binding sites for a mRNA molecule. It will read 2 codons at a time. *A codon is 3 nucleotides of mRNA.

27. nucleus ribosome codon mRNA codon A AAU U U U U CCC GG cytoplasm

28. C. Steps of Translation 1.First mRNA binds to the ribosome at the “START” codon (AUG) of mRNA. 2.A tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule with an anticodon at one end and an amino acid at the other binds to the first codon of mRNA. *an anticodon is 3 nucleotides of tRNA *Thank you to Lew-Ports Biology Place !

29. nucleus ribosome codon mRNA tRNA anticodon codon A A A A AUU U U U CCC C G G G cytoplasm START

30. 3.The second tRNA binds to the second codon of mRNA. 4.The first two amino acids bond. C. Steps of Translation

31. nucleus ribosome codon mRNA tRNA anticodon codon A A AAUU U U G CCC G GG cytoplasm prolineSTART

32. nucleus ribosome codon mRNA tRNA anticodon codon A A A AU U U U U C C CC GG cytoplasm prolinevalineSTART

33. 5. This process continues until a “STOP” codon is read by the ribosome; 6. An amino acid chain is the result… C. Steps of Translation

34. nucleus ribosome codon mRNA tRNA anticodon codon A A AA A U UU U U CCC G G G cytoplasm prolinevalineleucineSTART cytoplasm

35. D. Result of Translation 1.Proteins are the result of translation 2. 3D shape from ER. 3.It can then be used in the cell or released from the cell into the organism.

36. DNA Workshop Activity