1. Essential Question Why was the nation of Israel created?

3. This conflict begins after WWI, when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East. The land was divided and European countries were given mandate, or control, of the region. The Mandate

4. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

5. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

6. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!  Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Iraq (British control until 1932, gains its independence. 1968 Ba’ath Party takes control. (Saddam Hussein was a Ba’athist)  Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.  Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].  The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.  The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.  Iraq (British control until 1932, gains its independence. 1968 Ba’ath Party takes control. (Saddam Hussein was a Ba’athist)

7. Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!  First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iraq) in 1908.  Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911  drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.  Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.  Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.  In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.  First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iraq) in 1908.  Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911  drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.  Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.  Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.  In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

8. Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!”  American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in 1929.  In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia.  ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.  Occupation and exploitation of Arab resources begins to cause concern within the region  American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in 1929.  In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia.  ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.  Occupation and exploitation of Arab resources begins to cause concern within the region

9. Rezah Khan (1877-1944)  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.  declared himself SHAH in 1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from 1925-1941.  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.  declared himself SHAH in 1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from 1925-1941.  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

10. Reforms in Iran  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.

11. Between the wars

13. Essential Question: How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?

14. Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

15. Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 × In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. × By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. × In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. × By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

16. British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

17. Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System  First one founded in 1908.  Communal living.  “Make the Desert Bloom!”  First one founded in 1908.  Communal living.  “Make the Desert Bloom!”

18. 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”] Jewish 19191,806 19208,223 19218,294 19228,685 19238,175 192413,892 192534,386 192613,855 19273,034 19282,178 19295,249 19304,944 Immigration 19314,075 193212,533 193337,337 193445,267 193566,472 193629,595 193710,629 193814,675 193931,195 194010,643 19414,592

19. Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “general representative government.”  An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.  An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.  A new “general representative government.” Their Goals:

20. The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

21. British White Paper of 1939  Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years.  It ended Jewish land purchases.  Independence for Palestine within 10 years.  It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.  Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years.  It ended Jewish land purchases.  Independence for Palestine within 10 years.  It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

22. The “Arab Legion” of the British Army During WW 2

23. WW2 The “Jewish Brigade” of the British Army During the war

24. Hitler’s “Final Solution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

25. Jewish immigration to the Middle East was steadily growing because of Zionism. After WWII and the uncovering of the Holocaust, the Zionist movement gained more support to create a Jewish homeland. The Holocaust

26. In 1947, the United Nations announced a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state. Jews agreed, but Arabs vowed to do anything needed to prevent the U.N. plan from being carried out. The Partition

27. The Jews were outnumbered in Palestine, but their armies were much more advanced because of involvement in WWII. Despite the bloodshed, the State of Israel was created on May 14, 1948. The State of Israel David Ben-Gurion: leader of Zionism movement and first prime minister of Israel

28. That night, a combined Arab force of Egyptians, Iraqis, Jordanians, Syrians, Lebanese, Saudi, and Yemeni troops attacked. The Arab-Israeli War or Israeli War for Independence lasted for 8 months, during which time the Jews not only defended their land, but expanded the territory to include most of the lands the Palestinians had been offered and rejected. Arab-Israeli War

29. The land Palestine lost was divided among their Arab neighbors, leaving Palestine with nothing. This created over 780,000 refugees who were displaced. Many of them left Israel, but some had nowhere to go and ended up in refugee camps along Arab borders. The Refugee Camps The situation in camps like these is a breeding ground for terrorism.

30. Although Israel became a member of the United Nations, many Arab countries refused to recognize its existence. Skirmishes resulted, including the Suez War of 1956 between Israel and Egypt. Suez War

31. The Six Day War of 1967 was a sweeping victory for the Israelis. They overran the enemies, gaining control of the Sinai Peninsula and the City of Jerusalem, which is sacred to both Muslims and Jews. Six Day War

32. Terrorist attacks were intended to avenge the victory, including the 1972 murders of 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games. Munich Olympic Games - 1972

33. In 1973, Egypt and Syria carried out an attack on Israel during Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. This time, the Arabs were better prepared with weapons from the Soviet Union. The Israelis were able to hold off the Arabs, but the Yom Kippur War was an important step to the peace process. Yom Kippur War - 1973

34. President Jimmy Carter became involved in the peace process by arranging a meeting between Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel. They signed a treaty agreeing that Israel would return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for recognition of Israel as a country. Camp David Accords

35. Despite the treaty, terrorism continued. Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Muslim extremists for agreeing to acknowledge Israel. Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982, in search of terrorists hiding out in the country. The First Treaty Fails

36. In the 1980’s Palestinians began the Intifada, or war of sticks and stones. Israeli soldiers did not know how to react to the Palestinian civilians without looking like bullies. Intifada – “Uprising”

37. The 1990’s showed little improvement to the situation. Israeli extremists were responsible for the Hebron Massacre where 29 Palestinians were killed at a mosque. Another Jewish extremist, angered by peace efforts, assassinated Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin. Palestinian terrorism is also common. Suicide bombings by Palestinian groups attack both civilian and military targets. Death…A Part of Life?

38. Is there still hope for peace in Israel?