1. American Government and Politics Today Chapter 2 The Constitution: What if Constitutional interpretation never changed?

2. The Colonial Background  Separatists were upset with the Church of England and wanted a place where they could practice their religious beliefs.  In 1620, they landed at Plymouth (Mass.) after sailing on the Mayflower  Wrote the Mayflower Compact on Nov. 21, 1620

3. British Restrictions and Colonial Grievances After the French & Indian Wars, the British began taxing the American colonists severely After the French & Indian Wars, the British began taxing the American colonists severely -Sugar Act (1764) -Stamp Act (1765) - ” Intolerable Acts (1774)  Why?  The major reason for these laws was to raise revenue to help pay off the war debt that stemmed from the French and Indian War

4. First Continental Congress Called in Sept. 1774, but there was little talk of independence Called in Sept. 1774, but there was little talk of independence The focus was to restore the political structure that was in existence before the passage of the unfair taxes The focus was to restore the political structure that was in existence before the passage of the unfair taxes -to create a list of grievances to be sent to King George III

5. Had the Crown and Parliament relented on many of their demands it is possible the Declaration of Independence would never have been issued. Had the Crown and Parliament relented on many of their demands it is possible the Declaration of Independence would never have been issued.

6. Second Continental Congress Called May 1775, and things have changed Called May 1775, and things have changed Fighting had already taken place; where? Fighting had already taken place; where? Congress established an army. Congress established an army. Made Washington the general in chief and pursued the Revolutionary War. Made Washington the general in chief and pursued the Revolutionary War.

7. COMMON SENSE  Early 1776, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was published  The pamphlet made observations in the colonies concerning the relationship with Britain  This would be the inspiration for the Declaration of Independence

8. The Declaration of Independence Based on ideas developed by John Locke (Two Treatises on Government) written in 1690 Based on ideas developed by John Locke (Two Treatises on Government) written in 1690 Natural Rights Natural Rights Natural rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happinessNatural rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

9. Social Contract Social Contract Based on the idea of consent of the governed, and that governments had the responsibility to protect the natural right rights of its citizens.Based on the idea of consent of the governed, and that governments had the responsibility to protect the natural right rights of its citizens. If the government failed to do so, the people had the right to revolt. If the government failed to do so, the people had the right to revolt.

10. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In July 1775, the Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to the king. -said that the colonies were still loyal to King George III -asked the king to call off the army while a compromise could be made. -he refused to look at it The Decision for Independence On July 4, 1776, Continental Congress accepted a document written by Thomas Jefferson. -stated why the colonies had to separate -pleaded with other countries to understand and not get involved -Sent Declaration of Independence to King George

11. AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION  After the American Revolution, the colonies now had the task of setting up a new independent government  The first form was The Articles of Confederation on Mar. 1, 1781  13 states were in a “league” together  Congress was a unicameral house with the members of each state (usu. 2 -7) would have only one vote / state

12.  Led by a President of Congress (not to be confused with a President of the Executive Branch)  See chart on next slide for powers of Congress  Accomplishments: (1) settlement of western terr. Claims (2) Northwest Ordinance of 1787  What were the weaknesses?

14.  The primary reason for the establishment of the Articles was to organize the states so they could defeat the British forces and gain independence from Britain. -States retained most of the power and the central government had a very limited role in the governing process. -The loyalty most citizens had was to their state first and foremost. -The loyalty most citizens had was to their state first and foremost.

15. Shay’s Rebellion – farmers were upset about the treatment of the debt that the farmers owed Shay’s Rebellion – farmers were upset about the treatment of the debt that the farmers owed Quickly put down, but demonstrated the lack of power the central govt. had to protect the people Quickly put down, but demonstrated the lack of power the central govt. had to protect the people

16. The Confederal Government Structure Under the Articles of Confederation

17. THE NEED FOR A CHANGE  Due to the problems with the A.O.C., many saw the need for a change.  May 14, 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia to “revise the A.O.C.”  Every state sent delegates except R.I.  Once they began looking at the A.O.C., they realized that it was useless

18.  Instead they decided to throw out the articles and start over  They worked in secret all summer because if they were found out, it could be considered treason  But, from the start, there were disagreements amongst the delegates

19. Framers of the Constitution – Anti-Federalist (Republicans) opposed any centralization of power. – Federalists favored a stronger central government – The beliefs of the delegates ranged from the near- monarchism of Hamilton to definite decentralized republicanism. – Some of these last people left when they saw the federalist tenor of the proceedings. – One of the most contested debates centered on the Congress

20. Politicking and Compromises: The Virginia Plan  called for a bicameral house -lower house chosen by people -upper house chosen by lower house  # of rep. based on population thus favoring larger states  Est. an executive branch  Est. a national judicial system

21. Politicking and Compromises: The New Jersey Plan  “ one state, one vote ”  Congress could regulate trade and impose taxes  All Congressional acts would be the supreme law of the land  Est. a executive branch which would create a Supreme Court

22. The Great Compromise: The Connecticut Compromise  Bicameral house (H. of Rep. & Sen.) -H. of Rep. = based on population and would chose the Sen. -Sen. would be 2 / state

23. Politicking and Compromises: The Three-Fifths Compromise  Northern states wanted to ban the importation of slaves, while Southern states did not.  Southern states wanted slaves counted in the population for the purposes of determining the number of members each state sent to the House of  Representatives, but not for property taxes.

24.  The Three-Fifths Compromise provided that 3/5 of the slaves would be counted (or each slave would count as 3/5 of a person.)  This did stop the bickering over slavery, but it did ensure that slavery would continue until the next generation

25. Working Toward the Final Agreement --Separation of Powers - The legislative, executive, and judicial powers to be independent of each other

26. – Checks and Balances. --each branch can check the actions of the others branches (p 54) – Selecting a President -- Electoral College meant that the president was not to be chosen by Congress, but not by a popular vote, either.

27. The Final Document – popular sovereignty – a republican government – a limited government – a federal system where both the national and the state governments each have their own sphere of influence.

28. Ratification  The Federalist Papers An attempt to persuade the public to support the new form of government. An attempt to persuade the public to support the new form of government. Federalist #10 and Federalist #51 provide an excellent view of James Madison ’ s political theory concerning human nature Federalist #10 and Federalist #51 provide an excellent view of James Madison ’ s political theory concerning human nature

29. The March to the Finish – The vote by the Virginia ratification convention was essential and somewhat close. – The New York vote was even closer and put the Constitution “ over the top. ” – At this point, North Carolina and Rhode Island had little choice but to join.

30. Support for the New Constitution Beard’s ThesisBeard’s Thesis -Historian Charles Beard argued that the Constitution was put through by an undemocratic elite intent on the protection of property. State Ratifying ConventionsState Ratifying Conventions -These conventions were elected by a strikingly small part of the total population.

31. Support Was Probably Widespread.Support Was Probably Widespread.  But the Const. was too strong for some  Required that the Const. provide some protection for ind. liberties

32. The Bill of Rights  “ Bill of Limits ” — No Explicit Limits on State Government Powers. — Did not apply to state governments. — The restrictions only were applicable to the national government until the 14th amendment incorporated some of these rights.

33. The Formal Amendment Process – Every government needs to be able to cope with new and unforeseen problem. – Any Constitutional change should, however, be taken with extreme caution. – If the process to amend the Constitution is rigorous, there should be ample time to consider the merits of such a change.

34. Informal Methods of Constitutional Change  Congressional Legislation  Judicial Review  Interpretation, Custom, and Usage