1. METHOD in Personality Research

2. How do we gather data? 1. From whom??? 1. From whom??? A. Self A. Self B. Others B. Others Plus/Minus? Plus/Minus?

3. Individual or Groups? Idiographic Nomothetic Depth VS. Breadth

4. Types of Data and Design Descriptive Descriptive Correlation Correlation Experiment Experiment

5. Descriptive Case Study Case Study Survey Survey Issues/Problems Issues/Problems Wording Wording Sampling Sampling Response Rate Response Rate Response Biases (set, social desirability) Response Biases (set, social desirability) Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic Observation

6. Correlation Positive vs. Negative Positive vs. Negative -1.....0.....+1 -1.....0.....+1 Correlation does NOT imply causation Correlation does NOT imply causation

7. Experiment Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Independent and Dependent Variables Independent and Dependent Variables Operational definitions Operational definitions Conditions: Conditions: Experimental Experimental Control Control Random Assignment Random Assignment

8. Assessment Sources of info Sources of info Self-report Self-report surveys, interviews, personality inventories, etc. Observer ratings Observer ratings behavior ratings, significant other ratings, etc.

9. Pluses: Self Vs. Others? Pluses: Self Vs. Others? Minuses? Minuses? Other problems/concerns? Other problems/concerns? Solutions??? Solutions???

10. Reliability CONSISTENCY CONSISTENCY test-retest test-retest internal consistency (e.g., split half, coef. alpha) internal consistency (e.g., split half, coef. alpha) interrater reliability interrater reliability

11. Validity MEANING MEANING face validity face validity criterion validity criterion validity convergent convergent discriminant discriminant construct validity construct validity

12. Example Self-criticism measure Self-criticism measure