1. Modified by Liz LaRosa www.middleschoolscience.com 2009-2015, from original posted at: http://www.science-class.net/NOS/observations/observations_inference.htmwww.middleschoolscience.com http://www.science-class.net/NOS/observations/observations_inference.htm Mystery Footprints Observation & Inference

2. What does the word “observation” mean in science?

3. Observations Any information collected with the senses. Quantitative – measurable or countable »3 meters long »4 marbles »50 kilograms »35 degrees Celsius Qualitative – described, not measured »red flowers »smells like fresh baked cookies »tastes bitter The skill of describing scientific events

4. What does the word “inference” mean in science?

5. Inference Conclusions or deductions based on observations The process of drawing a conclusion from given evidence Practice: You will close your eyes and quietly listen to 3 observations After the observations have been shared, write down your inference into your notes Do not share your inference until asked to do so

6. Inference Practice : Close your eyes and listen to the following observations : I hear people screaming I smell cotton candy, popcorn, and hamburgers I see a lot of people Open your eyes Inference: Write down your inference, but do not share it with anyone yet

7. Amusement Park Day at the Beach Sporting Event Something else? What was your inference & why? Share and Discuss

8. Mystery Footprints You will be asked to view a series of 3 images. Record 3 observations and 1 inference for each image. Do not share your observations or inferences until asked to do so.

9. Image 1 Record 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an INFERENCE Share and Discuss

10. Image 2 Record 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an INFERENCE Share and Discuss

11. Image 3 Record 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an INFERENCE Share and Discuss

12. Discussion Questions 1.What event happened to cause these tracks? What is your hypothesis? 2.How do your observations support your hypothesis? 3.As a class, were there similarities/differences in our observations? In our inferences? 4.Why was it important not to share our observations and inferences right away? Can your answers influence others? 5.Can we know, with 100% certainty, how these footprints were formed? Why/Why not?

13. Source of footprints graphic: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5787&pa ge=89 as of 8/4/15 http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5787&pa ge=89 Chapter 6: Activities for Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science."Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1998. This book can be downloaded for free at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5787/teaching-about- evolution-and-the-nature-of-science