1. CDA: May 20081 THE CENTRAL DRUG AUTHORITY AND THE DRUG PROBLEM IN SA A PRESENTATION TO THE PARLIAMENTARY PORTFOLIO COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PART 1

2. CDA: May 20082 CONTENTS A NEW DEFINITION OF ADDICTION THE NATURE OF THE DRUG PROBLEM IN SA THE NATURE OF THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN SA SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR THE YOUTH LINK TO THE CDA MANDATE AND THE NDMP 2006-2011

3. CDA: May 20083 WHAT IS ADDICTION? 1918 – A disease affecting a few unfortunates 1940’s – The results of sin 1980’s on- A chronic relapsing and ultimately fatal illness with no cure other than abstention

4. CDA: May 20084 WHAT IS ADDICTION? 2000 – A state of physiological adaptation to the presence of a drug in the body so that the absence of the drug leads to physiological dysfunction which is unpleasant or even life- threatening. A syndrome at the centre of which is impaired control over a behaviour with loss of control leading to significant harm.

5. CDA: May 20085 WHAT IS ADDICTION? 2006- A chronic condition of the motivational system in which reward- seeking has become out of control and which leads to significant harm (West: 2006)

6. CDA: May 20086 WHAT IS SUBSTANCE ADDICTION? A NEW DEFINITION: Substance addiction is chronic, relapsing, out- of-control and significantly harmful reward- seeking behaviour for which there is no cure other than abstention.

7. CDA: May 20087 WHAT IS SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE? The same as “addiction” only more politically correct. User-friendly term. Not a denigrating term People now move from “state of addiction” to a “non- addictive state” or from being ‘dependent’ to being “non- dependent” Note that one remains an addict or a dependent but one’s state changes. There is no cure for substance dependence other than life-long abstinence

8. CDA: May 20088 THE NATURE OF THE DRUG PROBLEM IN SA % OF POPULATION

9. CDA: May 20089 DRUG USERS IN SA IN MILLIONS PROBLEM USERS 235 777 DIRECT COSTS R10bn pa

10. CDA: May 200810 3-5 Standard Units daily Cost to the country Rbn 8.7- 17.4 per year Problem Drinkers (1.97 m) THE NATURE OF THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN SA

11. CDA: May 200811 PERCENTAGE AND TYPE OF RECORDED ALCOHOL CONSUMED

12. CDA: May 200812 SA’s 10.1 m drinkers EACH drink per year: 196 six-packs of beer, or 62 bottles of spirits, or 220 bottles of wine, or 666 cartons of sorghum beer TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL 20.1 L of pure alcohol per head = Top Ten in the World!

13. CDA: May 200813 THE DRUG PROBLEM: ADULTS UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL THINK ABOUT: Binge Drinkers: 37% plus Monday drivers: 10% drunk DUI: 7000 deaths per annum Drug dealers of 18: R100k per day turnover Dependent of 24: R5000 per day Link between drug use, HIV/AIDS, TB, violence and crime Co-dependents: Bankrupt and destitute Heroin dependents: 2% recovery success All dependents: 47% plus bipolar

14. CDA: May 200814 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONGST ADOLESCENTS

15. CDA: May 200815 THE NATURE OF THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM IN SCHOOLS DEPENDENT DRINKERS ? RISKY DRINKERS 9-35% LOW RISK DRINKERS 31% ABSTAINERS 40% THE DRINKERS’ PYRAMID 9 TOTS/1 L WINE/2L BEER DAILY/WEEKENDS COST TO COUNTRY? (After Parry) ? ?

16. CDA: May 200816 LIFETIME SUBSTANCE USE BY LEARNERS Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

17. CDA: May 200817 YOUNG SUBSTANCE USERS AND POTENTIAL HARM Crime and violence Accidents and injuries Risky sexual behaviour/unplanned pregnancies/STI’s/HIV and AIDS Learning problems Mental and physical health problems

18. CDA: May 200818 PERCENTAGE OF USER AND NON-USER LEARNERS REPORTING BEING STABBED Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

19. CDA: May 200819 PERCENTAGE OF USERS AND NON-USERS REPORTING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

20. CDA: May 200820 PERCENTAGE OF USERS AND NON- USERS REPORTING EXPULSION Youth Risk Behaviour 2002

21. CDA: May 200821 THE DRUG PROBLEM: THE YOUTH UP CLOSE AND MORE PERSONAL THINK ABOUT SCHOOLS & YOUNG OFFENDERS: Age of Dependence: 12 years and reducing. School children: 1 in 2 experimented Drug dealers in schools: Target schools Increase in injection drug use (IDU) HIV/AIDS in prisons linked to IDU Tik :42% to 98% level in Cape treatment centres SACENDU and ISS: Positive link between drugs and violence Drug Disguises: Peanuts; tattoos; sweets; cakes; lollipops

22. CDA: May 200822 SUPPLY DEMAND PEOPLE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ADDICTION EXPERIMENTATION CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR ADDICTION TO START

23. CDA: May 200823 CDA STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING ADDICTION DEMAND REDUCTION HARM REDUCTION SUPPLY REDUCTION

24. CDA: May 200824 CONCLUSION The drug problem in South Africa is extremely serious, with drug usage at twice the world norm, and alcohol consumption among the Top 10. The socio-economic consequences of this cost the country more than Rbn 20 per year. The CDA integrated strategy is incorporated in the National Drug Master Plan.