1. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9

2. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Drugs that alters a person’s experiences or consciousness Can cause intoxications A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur 2

3. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Addictive behaviors are habits that have gotten out of control, with resulting negative effects on a person’s health Addiction is a psychological or physical dependence on a substance or behavior Dependence defined by four key characteristics: 1. Compulsive desire for a drug 2. Need to increase the dosage 3. Harmful effects to the individual 4. Harm to society Tolerance 3

4. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Reinforcement Compulsion or craving Loss of control Escalation Negative consequences 4

5. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Often starts when a person does something to bring pleasure or to avoid pain Eventually, the behavior no longer brings pleasure, but it is necessary to avoid the pain of going without it Examples of addictive behaviors: Gambling Compulsive Exercising Work Addiction Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Internet addiction Characteristics of people with addiction 5

6. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Commonly referred to as addicts Substance or activity used as substitute for coping strategies May have trouble dealing with stress or emotions May have a genetic predisposition to a particular substance May have problems with impulse control or self-regulation Tend to be risk-takers 6

7. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Eating Watching TV Playing video games Gambling Compulsive exercising Work preoccupation Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Internet usage 7

8. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the body Prescription medicines Antibiotics Antidepressants Over-the-counter substances Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Illegal substances LSD Heroin The drug tradition 8

9. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative reference Abuse Substance abuse: Failure to fulfill major responsibilities Drug use in situations that are hazardous Drug related legal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems Physical dependence may or may not be present 9

10. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Substance dependence 1. Developing tolerance to the substance 2. Experiencing withdrawal 3. Taking in larger amounts 4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down 5. Spending great deal of time getting the substance 6. Giving up or reducing important activities 7. Continuing usage even with recognition of a problem Considered physically dependent if experiences either tolerance or withdrawal 10

11. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 11

12. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. All income and education levels All ethnic groups All ages Increased risk from: Being young Being male Being a troubled adolescent Being a thrill-seeker Being in a dysfunctional family Being in a peer group that accepts drug use Being poor Dating young 12

13. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Exciting Illegal Curious Want to escape Rebellious Vulnerable to peer pressure Seeking a spiritual experience Experiment Cope with difficulties 13

14. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Combination of three types of risk factors: Physical Psychological Social Physical risks Brain chemistry Metabolism Exposed to drugs in womb 14

15. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Psychological risks Difficulty in controlling impulses Strong need for excitement Feelings of rejection Hostility or aggression Anxiety or depression Mental illness Dual (co-occurring) disorders Social Factors Growing up in a family with drug abuse Peer group approval Poverty Health care professionals 15

16. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Intoxication Unexpected side effects Unknown drug constituents Risks associated with injection drug use Legal consequences 16

17. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.  Changes in brain chemistry Neurotransmitters  Drug factors: Pharmacological properties Dose-response function Time-action function Drug use history Method of use  User Factors  Social Factors 17

18. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter NinePsychoactive Drugs 18

19. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 19

20. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Opioids (narcotics) Natural or synthetic Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanyl Relieve pain Cause drowsiness Induce euphoria Methods of administration Injection, absorbed, snorting, sniffing, smoking Symptoms of overdose 20

21. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Also known as sedative-hypnotics Slow down the overall activity of the CNS Types Effects Effects on the body Medical uses From use to abuse Overdosing 21

22. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system Cocaine Methods of use Effects Abuse and dependence Use during pregnancy 22

23. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Amphetamines Effects From use to abuse State dependence Dependence Psychosis Ritalin Ephedrine Caffeine 23

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25. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Cannabis sativa THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) Short-term effects and uses Depersonalization Long-term effects and uses Respiratory damage Dependence 25

26. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, STP, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust) Synesthesia Flashbacks 26

27. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics and slow down the body’s functions Several major groups Volatile solvents Aerosols Nitrites Anesthetics Methods of use Sniffing Snorting “Bagging” “Huffing” 27

28. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Drug research Drugs, society, and families Legalizing Drugs Drug Testing 28

29. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Medication-assisted treatment Drug substitution Treatment centers Self-help groups and peer counseling AA NA Harm reduction strategies Codependency 29

30. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Governmental attempts Anti-drug education programs Indirect approaches Young people’s self-esteem Improve academic skills Increase recreational opportunities Direct approaches Information about the adverse effects Peer pressure resistance 30

31. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9