1. Behavior

2. Autonomous Characters Self-Directed characters "puppets that pull their own strings" -Ann Marion

3. Autonomous Characters Acknowledgement Much of this material is taken from the work of Craig Reynolds. He maintains a web pages including a rich source of material of steering behavior and the consumate source on flocking.Craig Reynoldssteering behavior flocking Also see: Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters by Craig Reynolds

4. Three-Tier Hierarchy Action selection goals and strategies “What to do” Steering guidance / motion control “How to do it” Locomotion movement generation “Getting it done”

5. Flocks in Film 1987: Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice, (short) Director: Larry Malone, Producer: Symbolics, Inc. 1988: Behave, (short) Produced and directed by Rebecca Allen 1989: The Little Death, (short) Director: Matt Elson, Producer: Symbolics, Inc. 1992: Batman Returns, (feature) Director: Tim Burton, Producer: Warner Brothers 1993: Cliffhanger, (feature) Director: Renny Harlin, Producer: Carolco. 1994: The Lion King, (feature) Director: Allers / Minkoff, Producer: Disney.

6. Flocks in Film 1996: From Dusk Till Dawn, (feature) Director: Robert Rodriguez, Producer: Miramax 1996: The Hunchback of Notre Dame, (feature) Director: Trousdale / Wise, Producer: Disney. 1997: Hercules, (feature) Director: Clements / Musker, Producer: Disney. 1997: Spawn, (feature) Director: Dipp₫, Producer: Disney. 1997: Starship Troopers, (feature) Director: Verhoeven, Producer: Tristar Pictures. 1998: Mulan, (feature) Director: Bancroft/Cook, Producer: Disney.

7. Flocks in Film 1998: Antz, (feature) Director: Darnell/Guterman/Johnson, Producer: DreamWorks/PDI. 1998: A Bugs Life, (feature) Director: Lasseter/Stanton, Producer: Disney/Pixar. 1998: The Prince of Egypt, (feature) Director: Chapman/Hickner/Wells, Producer: DreamWorks. 1999: Star Wars: Episode I-- The Phantom Menace, (feature) Director: Lucas, Producer: Lucasfilm. 2000: Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring (feature) Director: Jackson, Producer: New Line Cinema.

9. Seeking and Fleeing Seeking and Fleeing Applet (Reynolds)

10. Pursuing and Avoiding Pursuing and Avoiding Applet (Reynolds)

11. Separation: Avoid Collisions

12. Alignment

13. Flocking Demos Flocking Applet (Craig Reynolds) Fish Schooling (Steve Hughes) Beach House ( Ishihama Yoshiaki ) Beach House ( Ishihama Yoshiaki ) For more demos see Reynolds “Boids in Java”

14. Do People Flock? Social psychologist’s report the people tend to travel as singles or in groups of size 2 to 5.

15. Characteristics of Groups Proximity Coupled Behavior Common Purpose Relationship Between Members

16. Moving Formations Pairs: Side by side Triples: Triangular shape

17. Stationary Formations Moving pair approaches stationary triple Stationary quintuple formed

18. Locomotion Model for Walking Two Parameters Speed Combination of step length and step rate Orientation Head direction for forward walking

19. Accelerate Accelerate Accelerate Turn Left No Turn Turn Right Coast Coast Coast Turn Left No Turn Turn Right Decelerate Decelerate Decelerate Turn Left No Turn Turn Right Action Space

20. Distributed Preference Voting Delegation of voters: Constraint Proxies Proxies vote on each cell of the action space Votes are tallied Winning cell represents best compromise among competing interests

21. Vote Tabulation 1.0 Pursuit Point Tracking Maintain Formation Inertia Centering Maintain Target Velocity Avoid Peds Winning Cell Electioneer 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 Avoid Obstacles

22. A Group of Two Following a Path   ped 1 walkway axis pursuit point  Winning vote = Accelerate/Turn Right ped 2 -1.0 -1.0 +1.0 Pursuit Point Tracking +1.0 +1.0 +1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 Maintain Formation +1.0 +1.0 +3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -1.0 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 2.01.0 Election for ped 1

23. Avoiding an Obstacle -- Trajectory Small look-ahead distanceLarge look-ahead distance ped 1 ped 2 walkway axis ped 1 ped 2

24. Interaction Between Pairs -- 1

25. Interaction Between Pairs -- 2

26. Interaction Between Pairs -- 3