1. Cellular Energy

2. Photosynthesis
The Process that Uses the Sun’s energy to make simple sugars
Two Stages
Light dependent reactions
Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

3. Light Dependent reactions
Occur in the Chloroplast
Where light energy is trapped by the pigment chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane
The light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll which are transferred down an electron transport chain where their energy is harvested.

4. Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins that are embedded in a membrane (chloroplast in plants, mitochondria in animals) which pass electrons from higher to lower energy states
By doing so generate ATP from ADP
Water is split, oxygen is given off and the hydrogen (H+) are used

6. Light Independent reactions
Also called the Calvin cycle
Is a series or reactions that use CO2 to form six carbon sugars (such as glucose)
These sugars are then used by a plant to grow or for energy storage
Why does a plant need to store
energy

7. Photosynthesis Review
Carbon from CO2 is used with energy from the sun to make sugars for the plant to grow and for storage

8. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP
There are 3 stages
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain

9. Glycolysis
Is a series of chemical reactions in the CYTOPLASM of a cell that break down glucose (6 carbon sugar) into two 3 carbon molecules
Requires 2 ATP to start the process and makes 4 ATPs, therefore the net gain is 2 ATP
Gives off CO2 in the process
Sends off electrons to the electron transport chain

10. Simplified,
Glycolysis breaks down glucose (a six-carbon molecule) into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) and makes net 2 ATP

11. Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
Uses the 3 carbon molecules (2) from glycolysis in a cycle of chemical reactions to produce 2 ATP and 4 CO2
Also passes more electrons to the electron transport chain from more ATP synthesis

13. The Electron transport chain
Found on the membrane of the mitochondria for cellular respiration
Passes high energy electrons along specialized proteins from higher to lower energy states until the electrons are accepted by Oxygen
Why is oxygen important?
Overall produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule

14. Overall Energy yield Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle
4 – 2 = 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle
2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
32 ATP

15. Aerobic respiration
Is a process that occurs in the presence of oxygen, such as cellular respiration
However, if oxygen isn’t available cells can also make limited ATP via anaerobic respiration
Process that occurs without air

16. Fermentation
A way by which a cell can continue to produce ATP when it is in a anaerobic environment
2 types
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic

17. Lactic Acid fermentation
Occurs during strenuous exercise and oxygen is not available
Glycolysis still works and the net 2 ATP are still formed
The remaining 3 Carbon molecular byproducts (which normally would go into the citric acid cycle) are converted into lactic acid

18. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic acid is then sent in the blood to the liver to be converted back into the useable products of the citric acid cycle once oxygen is present again
Large build up can become toxic to the body

19. Alcoholic Fermentation
Primarily used by yeast and bacteria cells to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol
Net product is 2 ATP per glucose molecule, 2 from glycolysis and 2 alcohol molecules from fermentation to alcohol
Ethyl alcohol is the storage molecule
until oxygen is present again

20. ATP Production Review Aerobic respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

21. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Food Synthesized
Energy from sun stored as glucose
CO2 taken in
Oxygen given off
Requires light
Occurs only in the presence of chlorophyll
Food broken down
Energy of glucose released
CO2 given off
Oxygen taken in
Does not require light
Occurs in ALL living cells

22. Open Book Quiz
What is the difference between an Autotroph and a Heterotroph
Which ones run photosynthesis
Give an example of each type