1. Information Resources Management College National Defense University Cyber Terrorism: The Real Story Irving Lachow, Robert Miller & Courtney Richardson May 10, 2007 “A global learning community for government’s most promising information leaders.”

2. 2 Outline  Introduction  Why is this issue important?  What is Cyber Terrorism?  Terrorist Use of the Internet  US Response Options  Recommendations

3. 3 U.S. is Losing Cyber War Against Terrorists  Terrorist use of Internet is leading to:  A global ideological movement based on a set of guiding principles and beliefs  Effective operational structures that support local action without centralized control  Effective perception management campaigns that influence target audiences while undermining U.S. interests  Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld:  “If I were rating, I would say we probably deserve a D or D+ as a country as how well we’re doing in the battle of ideas that’s taking place.”  Dr. Bruce Hoffman:  “…the U.S. is dangerously behind the curve in countering terrorist use of the Internet…”

4. 4 Outline  Introduction  What is Cyber Terrorism?  Definition  Cyber Terror vs. Other Cyber Activities  Terrorist Use of the Internet  US Response Options  Recommendations

5. 5 What is Cyber Terrorism?  Definitions of terrorism:  State Dept: “Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.”  FBI: “The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”  Definition of cyber terrorism:  Denning: “A computer based attack or threat of attack intended to intimidate or coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are political, religious, or ideological. The attack should be sufficiently destructive or disruptive to generate fear comparable to that from physical acts of terrorism. Attacks that lead to death or bodily injury, extended power outages, plane crashes, water contamination, or major economic losses would be examples... Attacks that disrupt nonessential services or that are mainly a costly nuisance would not.”

6. 6 Cyber Terrorism vs. Other Computer Attacks MOTIVATIONTARGETMETHOD Cyber Terror Political changeInnocent victimsComputer-based violence or destruction Cracking Ego, personal enmity Individuals, companies, gov’ts CNA, CNE (sometimes overt) Cyber Crime Economic gainIndividuals, companies Fraud, ID theft, blackmail, CNA, CNE Cyber Espionage Economic gainIndividuals, companies, gov’ts CNA, CNE (rarely overt) State-Level Info War Political or military gain Infrastructure, military assets CNA, CNE, physical attack

7. 7 Outline  Introduction  Why is this issue important?  What is Cyber Terrorism?  Terrorist Use of the Internet  Operational Effectiveness  Influence Operations  US Response Options  Recommendations

8. 8 Why Do Terrorists Use the Internet?  Rapid communications  Low cost  Ubiquity  Ease of use + sophistication of tools  Anonymity

9. 9 How do Terrorists Use the Internet?  Organizational effectiveness  Recruiting  Fundraising  Training  Command and control  Intelligence gathering  Influence Operations  Public affairs  Civil affairs  Psychology operations  Computer network operations Very few documented cases of cyber terrorism. WHY?

10. 10 Cyber Terrorism vs. Other Attack Vectors  Cyber Terror Challenges:  May not create sufficient horror, fear, and “terror”  Prospects for success and potential outcomes are highly uncertain  Requires different skill set and potential reliance on outside experts  May require extensive intelligence gathering, training, and funding  Use of explosives is a proven strategy  Highly effective at creating terror and getting attention.  Easy to do, requires little training, and is based upon extensive knowledge base  WMD is another option  Would create tremendous sense of terror and panic  Would dominate news for weeks or months  Would be huge source of pride

11. 11 Outline  Introduction  What is Cyber Terrorism?  Terrorist Use of the Internet  US Response Options  Infrastructure  Content  Cognition  Recommendations

12. 12 US IO Options: Physical Infrastructure  Target physical infrastructure to deny or disrupt access to Internet (and possibly other ICT)  Vast majority of infrastructure used by extremists is commercially-owned and/or operated  Most extremist web sites hosted in US or Western Europe  There is heavy use of companies like Yahoo! and Microsoft for email and chat  While ISPs are often local, communications backbone likely owned by either the state or a major corporation  Options:  Direct attack (kinetic or other)  Ask or force service providers to identify extremists and/or terminate services to known extremists

13. 13 Physical Infrastructure: Pro’s and Con’s  Advantages  Potential to significantly disrupt extremist use of Internet or other ICT  May be limited options for extremists to counter this tactic  Disadvantages  Political risks  Legal impediments  Technical challenges  Collateral damage  Identifying extremist users is difficult  May harm intel activities  Results may be hard to predict

14. 14 US IO Options: Information Content  Focus on data or information  Target confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA) in order to:  Deny ability of extremists to keep information secret  Plant false or misleading information (either openly or surreptitiously)  Prevent extremists for having timely access to information  Options  Intelligence gathering  Spoofing (data) or Posing (people)  Denial of service  Other types of CNO

15. 15 Information Content: Pro’s and Con’s  Advantages  Fewer political, legal and technical impediments  Easier to do in clandestine manner  May be able to guide actions of extremists  Can learn about extremist goals, methods, personnel, etc.  Disadvantages  Extremists can be hard to find and/or identify  Numerous countermeasures readily available  Technology and demographic trends favor extremists  May be hard to assess success

16. 16 US IO Options: Cognition  Influence how people perceive information and/or make decisions  Focus on human aspect of perception (sense making) rather than data/information per se  Goal is to change extremists’ beliefs, decisions, and actions  Options:  “War of Ideas”  PSYOPS  Public and civil affairs  Soft power (economics, media, companies, etc.)  Others…

17. 17 Cognition: Pro’s and Con’s  Advantages  Reduce legitimacy of and attractiveness of extremist movements  Create schisms among extremist groups  Gain support among allies and non-aligned parties  Few political, legal or technical barriers  Disadvantages  Requires coordinated inter- agency leadership, planning and execution  Currently lack needed personnel, expertise and resources  Long-term approach (possibly decades)  May be hard to assess success

18. 18 Outline  Introduction  What is Cyber Terrorism?  Terrorist Use of the Internet  US Response Options  Recommendations  Suggested Actions  Final Observations  Discussion of Metrics

19. 19 Recommendations  Develop high-level, coordinated strategy for countering terrorist use of the Internet  Current efforts are disjointed and occur mostly at operational and tactical levels  Strategy must maximize benefits and minimize risks/costs of each layer of info environment  Where appropriate disrupt infrastructure if only to create FUD about its reliability  Attack CIA of extremist information to further increase FUD, gain intel and disrupt operations  Focus significant time and energy on cognitive domain to impact terrorist decision-making, reduce terrorist influence on stakeholders, and promote US ideas  Create mix of short-, medium-, and long-term goals, plans, actions, and metrics

20. 20 A Few Final Observations  US alone cannot counter extremist Muslim ideology  Must build up and/or support networks of moderate Muslims and help spread their message  Use former terrorists to undermine extremist recruiting  Current “approval ratings” of US across the world are dismal  Improve publicity of “positive” actions  Reset terms of the ideological struggle  US is not well organized to fight a long-term, broad-based “war of ideas”  Elevate importance of information component of power  Develop structures, processes, incentives to better coordinate IO- type activities  Strengthen capabilities of diplomatic corps and the “diplomatic” abilities of soldiers

21. 21 Discussion  How can we measure the effectiveness of terrorist use of the Internet?  # of users? # of websites? Interviews? Anecdotes? Polling data? Membership in Islamic denominations?  How can we assess the benefits, costs, and risks of US response options?  Benefits: Impacts on factors identified above? # of terrorist attacks? # of stories in the media?  Costs: Monetary? Level of effort? Opportunity costs?  Risks: Public opinion? Media coverage? Legal actions? Changes in terrorist use of Internet counter to US goals?  Key challenges include data availability, data accuracy, correlation vs. causality, and understanding of fundamental dynamics