1. Remember, any late/msg work is due tomorrow from the months of Nov & Dec. Take out the photosynthesis notes you took before break. Review your notes and answer the following in you notebook: 1. In which organelle does photosynthesis take place? 2. What is the equation for the process of photosynthesis?

2. What are the inputs for photosynthesis? What are the outputs for photosynthesis? Is a product considered an input or output? Explain.

3. The reverse of photosynthesis Breaks down food (sugars) to make ATP to use for cellular activities Sugar Sugar = long-term storage of energy, cannot be used right away ATP ATP = short-term, ready to use energy Reminder: takes place in the mitochondria C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 = 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

4. Occurs in 3 Stages Occurs in 3 Stages 1. Glycolysis- 1. Glycolysis- takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)- 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)- in the mitochondria 3. ETC 3. ETC (Electron Transport Chain)- in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Oxygen is not necessary for each stage: Glycolysis: anaerobic (no oxygen needed) Citric Acid Cycle and ETC: aerobic (need oxygen to go) 38 ATP If all 3 stages of cellular respiration occur, the total energy created for the cell is: 38 ATP

5. cytoplasm Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell breaks down glucose into 2 - pyruvic acid molecules Consists of a series of chemical reactions that breaks down glucose (a 6-C compound - sugar) into 2 - pyruvic acid molecules (a 3-C compound) The 3-C pyruvic acid can move into the mitochondria aerobic conditions In aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid  Citric Acid Cycle  Electron Transport Chain anaerobic conditions In anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid  fermentation Inputs: Inputs: Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2 ATP Outputs: Outputs: 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP

6. mitochondria Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell 2 Cycle turns 2 times for every molecule of sugar, so once per pyruvic acid molecule Per 1 turn of the cycle: Inputs: Inputs: Pyruvic acid (which has been transformed to Acetyl CoA) + oxygen + ADP Outputs: Outputs: 2 CO2, 1 ATP, and movement of e- to the inner membrane of the mitochondria

7. inner membrane of the mitochondria Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Similar to the thylakoid membrane in the cholorplast Basically, e- are used to create a charge on one side of the membrane and then that charge is used to attach a P to ADP to form ATP as the e- move down the chain The final electron acceptor is oxygen If there is no oxygen present, the entire chain stops! Inputs: Inputs: e- gradient from citric acid cycle, oxygen Outputs: Outputs: 32 ATP, H2O

9. Both the citric acid cycle and ETC need oxygen to occur fermentation When a cell needs energy but little or no O is available for proper respiration, the cell will enter fermentation to prevent cell death Doesn’t produce a lot of ATP Doesn’t produce a lot of ATP Basically is a holding pattern for the cell Basically is a holding pattern for the cell 2 kinds of Fermentation: Lactic Acid fermentation- Lactic Acid fermentation- Many eukaryotic cells undergo this type of fermentation Many eukaryotic cells undergo this type of fermentation Lactic acid that is built up in muscle cells is transferred to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvic acid Lactic acid that is built up in muscle cells is transferred to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvic acid Alcoholic fermentation Alcoholic fermentation – Mostly done by by yeast and some bacteria Mostly done by by yeast and some bacteria CO2 is produced  we utalize this process to make beer, cheese, bread, vinegar, wine and cider CO2 is produced  we utalize this process to make beer, cheese, bread, vinegar, wine and cider

10. PhotosynthesisRespiration Glucose (food) madeGlucose broken down Energy from sunlight makes ATP  then stored in glucose Stored energy in glucose released as ATP CO 2 and H 2 O usedCO 2 and H 2 O released O 2 releasedO 2 used Occurs in the presence of chlorophyll- plants only Occurs in all living organisms Light neededNo light needed Occurs in chloroplastsOccurs in mitochondria