1. Chapter 9: Overview of Energy

2. Respiration vs Breathing

3. Photosynthesis: (Net Reaction)

4. Respiration: (Net Reaction) AEROBIC CONDITIONS (O2 needed)
In both reactions, there is a HYDROGEN and CARBON pathway
Photosynthesis-- Joins the hydrogen and oxygen pathway to form glucose
Respiration-- Separates these 2 pathways forming H2O and CO2

6. Chapter 9: Cell Respiration Notes

7. Aerobic Cell Respiration
Complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule
Includes 4 major sets of reactions
NOTE: Parts 2, 3, 4 occur in mitochondria of aerobic cells only
Part 4 occurs simultaneously with Parts , 2, 3 in aerobic cells

9. Aerobic Cell Respiration

10. Review of Electron Carriers
a. NAD + 2H + 2e-  NADH + H+
b. FAD + 2H + 2e-  FADH2
Bring e- to ETC of inner mitochodrial membrane

11. Fermentation Aka Anaerobic Respiration
Catabolic process that partially breaks down sugars without the use of oxygen
Function of fermentation is to make ATP

12. Alcoholic Fermentation
PGAL
Pyruvic
acid
PGAL
Pyruvic
acid

13. Fermentation cont.
Fermentation Via:

14. Alcoholic Fermentation
Glycolysis followed by: pyruvic acid + NADH  2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + NAD+
Pyruvic Acids
(Alcohol)

15. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glycolysis followed by: pyruvic acid + NADH  2 lactic acid + NAD+
Pyruvic Acids
(Lactic Acid)

16. Glycolysis
Splitting of 1 glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Can occur aerobically or anaerobically

17. Glucose
ATP made by process called SUBSTRATE- LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION: transfer of phosphate group from a substrate (reactant) molecule to ADP ATP
PGAL
Pyruvic Acid

18. Glycolysis

19. After Glycolysis

20. Respiration (4 Major Reactions)
Glycolysis (in cytoplasm)
Splitting of 1 molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Can occur in aerobic or anaerobic conditions

21. Glucose
PGAL
Pyruvic Acid

22. Respiration (4 Major Reactions) cont.
2) Pyruvic Acid Oxidation: Aerobic (in matrix)

23. The Oxidation of Pyruvate to form Acetyl CoA for Entry Into the Krebs Cycle

24. Kreb’s Cycle
Pyruvic Acid Oxidation

25. Respiration (4 Major Reactions) cont.
3) Kreb’s Cycle/ Citric Aid Cycle (in matrix)

26. Kreb’s Cycle
Pyruvic Acid Oxidation

27. Citric Acid
Oxaloacetic Acid

28. Citric Acid Cycle (x2)
ETC

30. Respiration (4 Major Reactions) cont.

32. Oxidative Phosphorylation
High [H+]
Low pH
Low [H+]
High pH

34. Chapter 9: Methods of ATP Synthesis Notes

35. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis
Photosynthetic Phosphorylation
Process of making ATP (~P) with light energy using electrons from hydrogen and chlorophyll
Occurs during PSII
On thylakoid membranes- in grana within chloroplast
Need enzyme (ATP synthetase & proton pumps)- chemiosmosis
Has ETC-- Electron Transport Chain-- PSII and PSI

36. Photosynthetic Phosphorylation

37. Photosynthetic Phosphorylation

38. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis cont.
2) Substrate Phosphorylation
Process of making ATP by rearrangement of bonds of substrates during glycolysis or Krebs Cycle (No energy added!)
Glycolysis (in cytoplasm)
Occurs in aerobic and anaerobic conditions
No enzyme (ATP synthetase & proton pump)
No ETC-- no H2O made

40. a. Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) cont.

41. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis cont.
Krebs Cycle (in mitochondrion)
Occurs only under aerobic conditions
No enzyme (ATP synthetase & proton pump)
No ETC-- no H2O made

43. 3 Methods of ATP Synthesis cont.
3) Oxidative Phosphorylation
Process of making ATP (~) from energy released from hydrogen electrons (e-) as they are carried to O2 by coenzymes via the ETC or respiratory chain
Occurs only under aerobic conditions
Occurs only inside mitochondria (on cristae membranes)

44. Oxidative Phosphorylation cont.
Needs enzyme (ATP synthetase + proton pump + ATP transport protein)
Needs ETC or respiratory chain
Final electron/ hydrogen acceptor is oxygen
H2O is made

45. Oxidative Phosphorylation

46. Oxidative Phosphorylation

47. Conversions:
NADH (produced in the cytoplasm) produces 2 ATP by the ETC
b. NADH (produced in the mitochondria) produces 3 ATP
by the ETC
c. FADH2 (adds its electrons to the ETC at a lower level than NADH) so it produces 2 ATP

48. Net Energy Production from Aerobic Respiration
1. Glycolysis: 2 ATP
2. Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
3. Electron Transport Phosphorylation: 32 ATP
a. Glycolysis: net gain/ 2 NADH (x 2) = 4 ATP
b. Pyruvate Acetyl CoA: 2 NADH (x 3) = 6 ATP
c. Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH (x 3) = 18 ATP
2 FADH2 (x 2) = 4 ATP
GRAND TOTAL: 36 ATP!!!