1. Declaration of Independence  Bell Starter  Activity  Textbook  Pages 60-63  3 per group  Bell Starter  Activity  Textbook  Pages 60-63  3 per group

2. The Constitution  The Nation’s First Government  The Road to the Constitution  The Structure of Our Constitution  Principles Underlying the Constitution  The Nation’s First Government  The Road to the Constitution  The Structure of Our Constitution  Principles Underlying the Constitution

3. The Nation’s First Governments Before the Declaration of Independence was signed Second Constitutional Congress urged colonists to form state governments 1776 New Hampshire became the first colony to organize as a state Within years every colony had a new constitution Before the Declaration of Independence was signed Second Constitutional Congress urged colonists to form state governments 1776 New Hampshire became the first colony to organize as a state Within years every colony had a new constitution

4. From Colonies to States  Similar systems of government  Legislatures: make laws  Bicameral legislatures  Each state had a governor  Elected by the legislature/citizens  Job carry out the laws  Each state had judges and courts  Decided what laws meant and how they applied to new situations  New state governments were based upon  Declaration, Magna Carta & English Bill of Rights  Similar systems of government  Legislatures: make laws  Bicameral legislatures  Each state had a governor  Elected by the legislature/citizens  Job carry out the laws  Each state had judges and courts  Decided what laws meant and how they applied to new situations  New state governments were based upon  Declaration, Magna Carta & English Bill of Rights

5. Massachusetts Constitution  1780 last constitution  Three notable ways  Distributed power among the legislature, the governor’s office and the courts  The governor and the courts were given the authority to check the legislative  It was created through a special convention of delegates elected for that purpose  Model a framework government American’s Constitution  1780 last constitution  Three notable ways  Distributed power among the legislature, the governor’s office and the courts  The governor and the courts were given the authority to check the legislative  It was created through a special convention of delegates elected for that purpose  Model a framework government American’s Constitution

6. Confederation Government  Articles of Confederation  Our first constitution  Went into effect 1781  Unicameral legislature  One-house  Every state had one vote  Control over army  Authority to deal with foreign nations  Positive outcomes of Government  Ordinance of 1785:  Survey System  Northwest Ordinance of 1787:  Statehood for territories in west  Articles of Confederation  Our first constitution  Went into effect 1781  Unicameral legislature  One-house  Every state had one vote  Control over army  Authority to deal with foreign nations  Positive outcomes of Government  Ordinance of 1785:  Survey System  Northwest Ordinance of 1787:  Statehood for territories in west

7. Weakness of the Articles  Could not enforce laws  Could not tax  Could not regulate trade  No executive to direct policy  No courts  Congress couldn’t pass laws without 9/13 votes  Congress couldn’t change without all 13 states  Could not enforce laws  Could not tax  Could not regulate trade  No executive to direct policy  No courts  Congress couldn’t pass laws without 9/13 votes  Congress couldn’t change without all 13 states

8. Weaknesses led to Shay’s Rebellion  State governments had fallen deep in debt  Farmer taxed to lose land  Revolted  Government couldn’t protect their citizens safety  Rebellion caused people to realize Articles of Confederation were not working for the colonist.  State governments had fallen deep in debt  Farmer taxed to lose land  Revolted  Government couldn’t protect their citizens safety  Rebellion caused people to realize Articles of Confederation were not working for the colonist.

9. Shays’s Rebellion During 1786 and 1787 Daniel Shay

10. Road to the Constitution After 10 years Articles of Confederation not working Each state sent delegates meet in Philadelphia in 1787 to rework the Articles of Confederation This meeting is known as Constitutional Convention Rhode Island didn’t take part they oppose a stronger central government After 10 years Articles of Confederation not working Each state sent delegates meet in Philadelphia in 1787 to rework the Articles of Confederation This meeting is known as Constitutional Convention Rhode Island didn’t take part they oppose a stronger central government

11. The Work Begins  May 25, 1787 Philadelphia’s Independence Hall  55 delegates  Well-educated  Lawyers, merchants, generals, planters, governors, physicians  Not there: Jefferson, Adams & Henry  George Washington and James Madison became presidents  Ages:  Oldest Franklin: 81  Others relatively younger (30-40)  May 25, 1787 Philadelphia’s Independence Hall  55 delegates  Well-educated  Lawyers, merchants, generals, planters, governors, physicians  Not there: Jefferson, Adams & Henry  George Washington and James Madison became presidents  Ages:  Oldest Franklin: 81  Others relatively younger (30-40)

12. Early Key Decisions:  George Washington to preside  Meeting could not be held without certain number of states present  Agree each state one vote  Simple majority decide issues 7 votes would decide any issue  Keep work a secret  James Madison keep notebook  Articles was to weak and the creating of new plan of government was needed  George Washington to preside  Meeting could not be held without certain number of states present  Agree each state one vote  Simple majority decide issues 7 votes would decide any issue  Keep work a secret  James Madison keep notebook  Articles was to weak and the creating of new plan of government was needed

13. Creating the Constitution Not an easy job, but some of the most significant minds at work here to compromise and create our government

14. Two Plans for Government  Virginia Plan  Large state plan  Massachusetts  Pennsylvania  New York  Virginia  Introduced by Madison  Similar to our government today  3 branches  Executive  Judicial  Legislative: based on population in both houses  New Jersey Plan  Small state plan  Delaware  New Jersey  Maryland  Introduced by William Patterson  Government similar to Articles of Confederation  One house Congress  State equal representation and votes  Congress could set taxes and regulate trade  Power no in the Articles of Confederation

15. Compromise for Representation in Congress  Connecticut Compromise/Great Compromise  Introduced by Roger Sherman  Two house legislature  House of Representatives: based on population  Senate: based on equality  A compromise is a way of resolving disagreement in which both sides gives up something but gains something

16. THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISES  North and South  South  Greater than 550,000 enslaves  Count enslaves for voting power in House of Representatives  North  Opposed the idea  Enslaves could not vote or participate in government  Enslaves should not be use as a voice in Congress

17. THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISES  Results:  Delegates agreed that every 5 persons would count as 3 free person.  3/5 of slave population in each state would determine representation in Congress  Results:  Delegates agreed that every 5 persons would count as 3 free person.  3/5 of slave population in each state would determine representation in Congress

18. Presidential Election Compromise  For President  Electoral college  Still used today

19. Balancing View Points The First Political Parties: Federalist & Anti-Federalist

20. Federalist  For Constitution  For strong central government  Federalism -  (Federal System) share power between state & national governments  Federalist Papers—essays defending the Constitution  John Jay  Alexander Hamilton  James Madison

21. Anti-Federalist  Against constitution  Failed to protect individual rights and state rights:  Freedom of speech and religion  Against strong central government  For state government power  Refused to sign until addition of Bill of Rights

22. Dates to Remember  September 17, 1787: ready and signed by delegates  June 21, 1788: New Hampshire, ninth state to ratify and constitution became law  1791: added Bill of Rights

23. The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the land

24. The Constitution  Framework of United States government: blueprints  Highest authority in the land  A symbol of our basic beliefs & ideas  Liberty and freedom  Framework of United States government: blueprints  Highest authority in the land  A symbol of our basic beliefs & ideas  Liberty and freedom

25. Sections of the Constitution  Divided into 3 main parts  Preamble: introduction  Articles: body (7)  Amendments: changes (27)  Divided into 3 main parts  Preamble: introduction  Articles: body (7)  Amendments: changes (27)

26. Preamble  Introduction to Constitution  States purposes of the constitution and government  1. To form a more perfect union  2. Establish justice  3. Insure domestic tranquility  4. Provide for common defense  5. Promote the general welfare  6. Secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves and posterity  Introduction to Constitution  States purposes of the constitution and government  1. To form a more perfect union  2. Establish justice  3. Insure domestic tranquility  4. Provide for common defense  5. Promote the general welfare  6. Secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves and posterity

27. Refer to page 80 for additional help Preamble Assignment  Each row will receive a goal and create a hand signal to visually represent the goal.  For example:  Introduction: what can we use? wave  Each row will receive a goal and create a hand signal to visually represent the goal.  For example:  Introduction: what can we use? wave

28. The Articles  Body (7)  Describes in detail the nuts & bolts of the government in USA.  Each article deals with different subject or part of government:  Body (7)  Describes in detail the nuts & bolts of the government in USA.  Each article deals with different subject or part of government:

29. The Articles of the Constitution:  Article 1: Legislative body  Bicameral house  Senate and the House of Representative  Makes laws  Article 2: Executive body  President & his administration  Enforce laws  Article 3: Judicial body  U.S. Supreme Court only court created by constitution  Interprets the laws  Article 1: Legislative body  Bicameral house  Senate and the House of Representative  Makes laws  Article 2: Executive body  President & his administration  Enforce laws  Article 3: Judicial body  U.S. Supreme Court only court created by constitution  Interprets the laws

30. The Articles Continued  Article 4: Federalism or relation between the states to one another and national government  Rights and protection  Article 5: Amendment procedure  Two step or tiered action:  Proposal: federal or national level  Ratification: state level approve  Article 4: Federalism or relation between the states to one another and national government  Rights and protection  Article 5: Amendment procedure  Two step or tiered action:  Proposal: federal or national level  Ratification: state level approve

31. The Articles Continued  Article 6: Supremacy clause  Federal government supreme law of the land  Article 7: Ratification of Constitution  9 state ratification conventions must vote for the Constitution to become law  SEPTEMBER 17TH, 1787 SIGNED BY DELEGATES AT CONVENTION  Article 6: Supremacy clause  Federal government supreme law of the land  Article 7: Ratification of Constitution  9 state ratification conventions must vote for the Constitution to become law  SEPTEMBER 17TH, 1787 SIGNED BY DELEGATES AT CONVENTION

32. Amending the Constitution  Amendment Process  Outlined in Article V  Two step process: proposal and ratification  Proposal 2 methods:  1 st - is congressional action- a vote of 2/3 of members of both houses is required  2 nd - by national convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures  Ratification – ¾ of states must ratify  1 st - by a vote of either the state legislature or  2 nd - special state convention  23 rd Amendment only one been change by state convention  Amendment Process  Outlined in Article V  Two step process: proposal and ratification  Proposal 2 methods:  1 st - is congressional action- a vote of 2/3 of members of both houses is required  2 nd - by national convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures  Ratification – ¾ of states must ratify  1 st - by a vote of either the state legislature or  2 nd - special state convention  23 rd Amendment only one been change by state convention

33. Interpreting the Constitution  Necessary and Proper Clause  Article I – give power to Congress  “to make laws”  Allows Congress to exercise powers not listed in the Constitution `– implied powers  Licensing TV stations to regulating air pollution  Necessary and Proper Clause  Article I – give power to Congress  “to make laws”  Allows Congress to exercise powers not listed in the Constitution `– implied powers  Licensing TV stations to regulating air pollution  Supreme Court –  final authority  Constitution allows the House of Representatives  To impeach or accuse federal officials  Senate  Determines guilt or innocence  25 th Amendment ratified 1967  President die/vice become president  Supreme Court –  final authority  Constitution allows the House of Representatives  To impeach or accuse federal officials  Senate  Determines guilt or innocence  25 th Amendment ratified 1967  President die/vice become president

34. Principles Underlying the Constitution There are five (5) fundamental principles or themes throughout the Constitution created in 1787.

35. Those Foundation Principles  Popular Sovereignty  Rule of Law  Separation of Powers  Checks and Balances  Federalism  Popular Sovereignty  Rule of Law  Separation of Powers  Checks and Balances  Federalism

36. Articles IV (Constitution)  Constitution requires only that the states have a “Republican form of Government”  Republic means  Today: any representative government headed by an elected president or similar  Past: any representative democracy where the people are the ultimate authority  Constitution requires only that the states have a “Republican form of Government”  Republic means  Today: any representative government headed by an elected president or similar  Past: any representative democracy where the people are the ultimate authority

37. Popular Sovereignty Power of government lies with the people through voting Right to rule (sovereignty) Declaration of Independence: says government should draw their power Consent of the governed Same as Constitution says – “we the people” (consent of the governed) – Election of government officials by the people: 15, 19, 23 and 26 amendment grants power to vote Power of government lies with the people through voting Right to rule (sovereignty) Declaration of Independence: says government should draw their power Consent of the governed Same as Constitution says – “we the people” (consent of the governed) – Election of government officials by the people: 15, 19, 23 and 26 amendment grants power to vote

38. Rule of Law  Government needs to be strong but not too strong as to take rights away from the people  Power is limited by the constitution  Powers granted to government Article 1 Section 8 1-17  Limited powers to government Article 1 Section 9  Bill of rights: limits power  Law applies to everyone: nobody is above the law  Government needs to be strong but not too strong as to take rights away from the people  Power is limited by the constitution  Powers granted to government Article 1 Section 8 1-17  Limited powers to government Article 1 Section 9  Bill of rights: limits power  Law applies to everyone: nobody is above the law

39. Limited Government  British ideal established unlimited government like:  Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights  Under the Constitution:  Government can do only what the people allow it to do by law  How can you stop the government from doing what you don’t want it to do?  Health Care: how did the people stop this movement?  British ideal established unlimited government like:  Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights  Under the Constitution:  Government can do only what the people allow it to do by law  How can you stop the government from doing what you don’t want it to do?  Health Care: how did the people stop this movement?

40. Separation of Powers  Ideal created by Enlightenment Philosopher: Montesquieu  Protect against abuse of power by any branch by dividing power between the 3 branches of government and giving each a specific power  Legislative branch: law making  Executive branch: enforcing law  Judicial branch: interpreting the law  Ideal created by Enlightenment Philosopher: Montesquieu  Protect against abuse of power by any branch by dividing power between the 3 branches of government and giving each a specific power  Legislative branch: law making  Executive branch: enforcing law  Judicial branch: interpreting the law

41. Checks & Balances  In order to prevent anyone branch from becoming too powerful the framers created a way for each branch to check the other branches power  Chart page 88  _____________ impeaches the President  _____________ vetoes legislation created by Congress  _____________ appoints the Judges & federal Justices at the federal level  _____________ declares acts/laws unconstitutional  In order to prevent anyone branch from becoming too powerful the framers created a way for each branch to check the other branches power  Chart page 88  _____________ impeaches the President  _____________ vetoes legislation created by Congress  _____________ appoints the Judges & federal Justices at the federal level  _____________ declares acts/laws unconstitutional

42. The Principle of Federalism  Limits our government by dividing the power between the state and federal (national) government  It grants each level specific powers (chart page 89)  Expressed/enumerated: federal/national powers (war)  Reserved: states powers (schools)  Concurrent: both state and national have the power (taxes)  But the federal government is supreme because of supremacy clause found in the constitution in Article 6 “supreme law of the land”  Limits our government by dividing the power between the state and federal (national) government  It grants each level specific powers (chart page 89)  Expressed/enumerated: federal/national powers (war)  Reserved: states powers (schools)  Concurrent: both state and national have the power (taxes)  But the federal government is supreme because of supremacy clause found in the constitution in Article 6 “supreme law of the land”

43. The Constitution Today  United States Federal government system rely on it.  Serve as the “Supreme Law of the Land” more than 200 years  5 principles:  Popular sovereignty, the rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism  Defend our country’s freedom and to keep order  Stands as a powerful symbol of American values and a source of pride and unity.  United States Federal government system rely on it.  Serve as the “Supreme Law of the Land” more than 200 years  5 principles:  Popular sovereignty, the rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism  Defend our country’s freedom and to keep order  Stands as a powerful symbol of American values and a source of pride and unity.

44. CHAPTER 3 TEST WILL BE TOMORROW Chapter 3 Study Guide due tomorrow