1. Assignment #2 Deadline changed to JUNE 4 th Will mostly focus on Ch 7 Talk about that after the midterm on Monday Topics will be announced on Monday

2. Operant Punishment

3. Contingencies Response Rate: IncreasesDecreases Removed Presented Response Causes Stimulus to Be: Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Lever press --> Food Lever press --> Shock off Lever press --> Shock Lever press --> Food removed

4. Examples Positive Aversive stimulus is ADDED Spanking, shock Negative Appetitive stimulus is REMOVED Time-outs, grounding, no dessert, food taken away Fines??

6. Contingency Correlation between behaviour & outcome Strong contingency --> better learning Random contingency --> no learning Both reinforcement and punishment

7. Contiguity Time between behaviour & outcome Shorter = better learning More important for punishment Distraction more likely in punishment than reinforcement Common violations

8. Punisher Characteristics Qualitative differences in punishers Species & individual differences Intensity of punisher Introductory level of punishment Similar (but opposite) to learned helplessness

9. Reinforcement of punished behaviour How rewarding is the behaviour itself? Related to deprivation levels Alternative sources of reinforcement Real applications

11. Disruption Theory Incompatible behaviour Punished behaviour is suppressed Problems Intensity of punisher Contingency

12. Two-Process Theory (revisited) Same theory we talked about for escape/avoidance Classical & Operant Same problems as before Proximity to punished stimulus

13. One-Process Theory (revisited) Symmetry with reinforcement Premack principle Low-probability behaviour punishes high-probability behaviour

15. Benefits Short-term effectiveness Reinforcing Powerful & Fast Rapid and substantial reduction in behaviour Beneficial?

16. Problems Application of punishers Punishment generally not used correctly Tolerance Start with strong punisher Gradually reduce General reluctance to administer

17. Possible Consequences of Punishment Escape Aggression At punisher, self, other Apathy General suppression of other behaviours Abuse Permanent damage Imitation

19. Response Prevention Make it impossible to do punishable behaviour Subject can circumvent this Best with younger children

20. Extinction Identify reinforcer of behaviour Withhold reinforcer … extinction of behaviour Often difficult to identify the reinforcer Extinction bursts problematic Not a rapid solution

21. Differential Reinforcement Four Types: DRL: Differential reinforcement of low responses DRO: Differential reinforcement of zero responses DRI: Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour DRA: Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour

22. DRL Differential reinforcement of low responses Only reinforce behaviour when response occurs at low frequency Good for reducing RATE of behaviour e.g. pigeon pecking at key light Reinforce ONLY if at least 2 seconds in between pecks e.g. too many compliments

23. DRO Differential reinforcement of zero responses or DR of Omission of behaviour Reinforcement contingent on not performing behaviour at all (in some time period) Very similar to DRL, but goal is to eliminate behaviour

24. DRI Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour Reinforce behaviour incompatible with undesired response e.g. riding bike vs playing video game

25. DRA Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour Reinforcer gained from undesired behaviour now only available when some alternative behaviour done Alternate source of reinforcement Used more in cases where DRI is not an option

26. Noncontingent Reinforcement Provide desired reinforcer on regular basis regardless of what is being done No correlation between response and outcome May work because subject gets reinforcer for “free” Problems if reinforcer comes after some other undesired behaviour (new acquisition) Chivalrous Charlie example (p. 87 of workbook)

27. Negative Punishment Removal of pleasant stimulus Time-out Popular in human behaviour modification

28. Other Techniques for Behavioural Deceleration Overcorrection Repetitions of alternate, desired behaviour Restitution Positive practice Technically, punishment Stimulus satiation

30. Latent Learning Motivation Learning behaviour Performing behaviour

31. Tolman & Honzig (1930) day 11 Average Errors Days No food Food reward No food reward until day 11

32. Maze blockages Start Box Goal