1. Muscular System Origin, Insertion, Action

2. Muscles of the Scalp Occipitofrontalis – Frontal Belly – Occipital Belly

3. Frontalis O: Galea aponeurotica I: Skin of eyebrows A: Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead skin

4. Occipitalis O: Occipital Bone I: Galea aponeurotica A: Pulls scalp posterior

5. Muscles of Facial Expression

6. Orbicularis Occuli O: Frontal and Maxillary bones I: Tissue of eyelid A: Blinking, squinting

7. Orbicularis Oris O: Maxilla and Mandible I: Encircles mouth, angles of mouth A: Closes lips, purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling)

8. Muscles of Mastication

9. Masseter O: Zygomatic arch and maxilla I: Mandible A: Closes jaw by elevating mandible

10. Temporalis O: Temporal fossa I: Coronoid process of mandible A: Closes jaw (elevates and retracts mandible)

11. Buccinator O: Maxilla and mandible I: Orbicularis oris A: Compresses cheek (whistling and sucking), holds food between teeth (during chewing)

12. Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat (Swallowing) Digastric All of the muscles that attach to the hyoid

13. Digastric O: Mandible and mastoid process I: Hyoid bone A: Elevate hyoid during speech and swallowing, Open mouth and depress mandible

14. Anterolateral Neck Muscles

15. Sternocleidomastoid O: Sternum and Clavicle I: Mastoid process of temporal bone A: B/l – head flexion; unilateral – laterally flex towards and rotates away from itself

16. Scalenes O: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae I: 1 st two ribs A: elevate first two ribs (inspiration), flex and rotate neck

17. Intrinsic Muscles of the Back

18. Splenius Capitus O: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 – T-6 I: Occipital bone, mastoid process of temporal bone A: b/l – extend head; unilateral – lateral flex and rotate towards

19. Splenius Cervicis O: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 – T-6 I: Transverse Processes of C2 – C4 A: b/l – extend neck; unilateral – lateral flex and rotate towards

20. Erector Spinae (Sacrospinalis) Iliocostalis (Most lateral) Longissimus (Intermediate) Spinalis (Most medial)

21. Iliocostalis O: iliac crest (lumborum); inferior 6 ribs (thoracis); ribs 3 to 6 (cervicis) I: ribs (lumborum and thoracic); TPs of C6-C4 (cervicis) A: B/L - Extend spine, posture; unilateral – lateral flex towards

22. Longissimus O: TPs of vertebrae I: Superior TPs and superior ribs; capitis portion inserts on Mastoid process A: B/L – extend spine; unilateral – laterally flex; capitis portion extends head and rotates towards

23. Spinalis O: Spines of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae I: Spines of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae A: Extends spine, maintains erect posture

24. Quadratus Lumborum O: Iliac crest I: TPs of upper lumbar vetebrae and 12 th rib A: Unilaterally – laterally flexes spine; b/l – extends L-spine

25. Muscles of the Thorax (Breathing)

26. External Intercostals O: Inferior border of rib above I: Superior border of rib below A: Pull ribs toward one another, elevate rib cage; INSPIRATION Fibers run down and anterior

27. Internal Intercostals O: Superior border of rib below I: inferior border of rib above A: Draw ribs together and depress rib cage; EXPIRATION Fibers run down and posterior

28. Diaphragm O: Inferior surface of rib cage and sternum, costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae I: Central tendon A: Flattens on contraction; Prime mover of Inspiration

29. Muscles of the Anterior and Lateral Abdominal Wall

30. Rectus Abdominus O: Pubic crest and symphysis I: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages ribs 5-7 A: Flex and rotate lumbar region, stabilize pelvis during walking

31. External Oblique O: Outer surfaces of lower eight ribs I: Linea alba A: B/L – aid in trunk flexion; unilateral – trunk rotation and lateral flexion

32. Internal Oblique O: Lumbar fascia, iliac crest I: linea alba, pubic crest, costal margin last 3 – 4 ribs A: B/L – aid in trunk flexion; unilateral – trunk rotation and lateral flexion

33. Transverse Abdominus O: Inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilage of last 6 ribs, iliac crest I: Linea alba, pubic crest A: Compresses abdominal contents

34. Muscles of the Anterior Thorax

35. Pectoralis Minor O: Anterior surface of ribs 3-5 I: Coracoid process of scapula A: Ribs fixed – draws scapula forward and down; scapula fixed – draws rib cage superior

36. Muscles of the Posterior Thorax

37. Trapezius O: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines from C7 to T12 I: Acromion and spine of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle A: Superior – elevates scapula; middle – retract (adduct) scapula; inferior – depress scapula

38. Levator Scapulae O: Transverse processes of C1 – C4 I: Medial border of scapula (superior to spine) A: Elevates / adducts scapula, flexes neck to same side

39. Rhomboids O: Spinous processes of C7 – T5 I: Medial border of scapula A: Retract (adduct) scapula, stabilize scapula

40. Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint

41. Pectoralis Major O: Sternal end of clavicle, sternum, cartilage ribs 1-6 I: Greater tubercle of humerus A: Flexes arm, medially rotates arm, adducts arm (climbing, throwing, pushing)

42. Latissimus Dorsi O: Fascial connection to spines of T7 – L5, lower 3-4 ribs, iliac crest I: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus A: Arm extension, arm adductor, medially rotates arm (hammering, swimming)

43. Deltoid O: Embraces insertion of trapezius; lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus A: Abducts arm; anterior fibers – flexion, medial rot.; posterior fibers – extension, lateral rot.

44. Rotator Cuff Muscles SITS Suprapinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis

45. Supraspinatus O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula I: Greater tubercle of humerus A: Stabilizes shoulder joint. Prevents downward dislocation. Initiates shoulder abduction.

46. Infraspinatus O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula I: Greater tubercle of humerus posterior to supraspinatus insertion A: Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity, shoulder stabilization

47. Teres Minor O: Lateral border of scapula (dorsal surface) I: Greater tubercle of humerus inferior to infraspinatus insertion A: Stabilize shoulder, adducts arm

48. Subscapularis O: Subscapular fossa of scapula I: Lesser tubercle of humerus A: Medial rotation of humerus, stabilizes shoulder joint

49. Teres Major O: Inferior angle of scapula I: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus A: Extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus

50. Coracobrachialis O: Coracoid process of scapula I: Medial humerus A: Flexion and adduction of humerus

51. Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint

52. Posterior

53. Triceps Brachii O: Scapula and humerus I: Olecranon process of ulna A: Forearm extensor

54. Anterior

55. Biceps Brachii O: Short head – coracoid process; long head – lip of glenoid cavity I: Radial tuberosity A: Flexes elbow joint, supinates forearm

56. Brachialis O: Front of distal humerus I: Coronoid process of ulna A: Forearm flexor

57. Brachioradialis O: Distal end of humerus I: Styloid process of radius A: Forearm flexion

58. Muscles of the Forearm

59. Anterior Superficial

60. Pronator Teres O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Lateral radius A: Pronates forearm

61. Flexor Carpi Radialis O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: 2 nd and 3 rd metacarpals A: Flexor of wrist, abducts hand

62. Palmaris Longus O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Skin and fascia of palm A: Wrist flexor

63. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris O: Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process and posterior ulna I: Pisiform, hamate, and 5 th metacarpal A: Wrist flexion, adducts hand

64. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis O: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, shaft of radius I: Middle phalanges 2- 5. A: Flexes wrist and middle phalanges

65. Anterior Deep

66. Flexor Pollicis Longus O: Anterior radius, interosseus membrane I: Distal phalanx of the thumb A: Flexes distal phalanx of the thumb

67. Flexor Digitorum Profundus O: Anteromedial surface of ulna and interosseus membrane I: Distal phalanges 2-5 A: Finger flexion

68. Posterior Superficial

69. Extensor Carpi Radialis O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: 3 rd metacarpal A: Extends wrist

70. Extensor Carpi Digitorum O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Distal phalanges 2-5 A: Finger extension, extends wrist

71. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, posterior ulna I: 5 th metacarpal A: Extends wrist, adducts wrist

72. Posterior Deep

73. Supinator O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal ulna I: Proximal radius A: Supinates forearm

74. Extensor Pollicis O: Dorsal radius and ulna, interosseus membrane I: Proximal and distal phalanx of thumb A: Extends thumb

75. Thenar Muscles

76. Abductor Pollicis O: Posterior radius and ulna, interosseus membrane I: 1 st metacarpal and trapezium A: Abducts and extends thumb, abducts wrist

77. Opponens Pollicis O: Flexor retinaculum and trapezium I: Anterior 1 st metacarpal A: Opposition: moves thumb to touch tip of middle finger

78. Adductor Pollicis O: Metacarpals 2-4 I: Medial side of proximal phalanx of thumb A: Adducts thumb

79. Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints

80. Anterior and Medial Muscles

81. Iliopsoas O: Iliac crest, TPs, bodies, and discs of T12 – L5 I: Lesser trochanter of femur A: Thigh flexor, trunk flexor, lateral flexion of trunk

82. Sartorius O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) I: Medial aspect of proximal Tibia A: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes knee

83. Medial Compartment of the Thigh

84. Gracilis O: Body of pubis I: Medial surface of Tibia A: Adducts thigh; flexes thigh; medially rotates thigh

85. Anterior Compartment of the Thigh

86. Quadriceps Femoris Four Heads – Rectus Femoris – Vastus Lateralis – Vastus Medialis – Vastus Intermedius

87. Rectus Femoris O: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) I: Patella and tibial tuberosity A: Extends knee; flexes thigh at hip

88. Vastus Lateralis O: Greater trochanter I: Patella and tibial tuberosity A: Extends and stabilizes knee

89. Vastus Medialis O: Linea aspera, intertrochanteric line I: Patella and tibial tuberosity A:Extends knee; inferior fibers stabilize patella

90. Vastus Intermedius O: Anterior and lateral surface of proximal femur I: Patella and tibial tuberosity A: Extends knee

91. Tensor Fascia Latae O: Iliac crest, ASIS I: Iliotibial tract A: Flexes and abducts thigh; pulls iliotibial tract taut

92. Posterior Muscles

93. Gluteus Maximus O: Dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, ITB A: Extends thigh

94. Gluteus Medius & Minimus O: Surface of ilium I: Greater trochanter of femur A: Abducts and medially rotates thigh

95. Lateral Rotators

96. Piriformis O: Anterolateral surface of sacrum I: Greater trochanter of femur (superior border) A: Laterally rotates thigh

97. Posterior Compartment of the Thigh

98. Hamstrings Biceps femoris (two heads) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

99. Biceps Femoris O: Ischial tuberosity I: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia A: Extends thigh; flexes knee; laterally rotates leg

100. Semitendinosus O: Ischial tuberosity I: Medial aspect of Tibia A: Extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg

101. Semimembranosus O: Ischial tuberosity I: Medial condyle of tibia; lateral condyle of femur A: Extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg

102. Muscles of the Leg

103. Anterior Compartment

104. Tibialis Anterior O: Upper 2/3 of tibia, interosseus membrane I: Medial cuneiform and 1 st metatarsal bone A: Dorsiflexion of foot

105. Extensor Digitorum O: Proximal ¾ of fibula; interosseous membrane I: Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5 A: Toe extension; dorsiflexes foot

106. Extensor Hallucis O: Fibula; interosseous membrane I: Distal phalanx of great toe A: Extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot

107. Lateral Compartment

108. Peroneus O: Lateral fibula I: Long tendon curves under foot to the 1 st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (longus); fifth metatarsal (brevis) A: Plantar flexes foot; everts foot.

109. Posterior Compartment

110. Triceps Surae Gastrocnemius (Two heads) Soleus

111. Gastrocnemius O: Two heads from medial and lateral condyles of the femur I: Calcaneus A: Plantar flexes foot; can flex knee when the foot is dorsiflexed

112. Soleus O: Superior tibia and fibula; interoesseous membrane I: Calcaneus A: Plantar flexes foot

113. Flexor Digitorum Longus O: Posterior femur I: Calcaneus A: Plantar flexion of foot and flex leg at the knee