1. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Moral and political philosopher Theorist of absolute rule, the disintegration of social and political order. Author of The Leviathan (1651) and The Behemoth (1668; published in 1681 posthumously)

2. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Political and military leader of Parliamentary forces against Charles I Limited measures for religious toleration Conflicts with Scotland and Ireland Opposition to his rule: Levellers, Diggers, Quakers, Fifth Monarchy Men Lord Protector (1653-1658) -- martial law and puritanical rule Restoration of the monarchy, 1660

3. John Locke (1632-1704) English social and political philosopher Author of Two Treatises of Government (1680) and A Letter Concerning Toleration (1685) Major intellectual contributions to Western Civilization: * argument for the separation of church and state * concept of “civil society” * subjective understanding of religious faith