1. Standard: 16.Describe the decline of Egypt and rise of other African cultures: –Kush, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, including trade, products, slavery, learning, –Beginnings and spread of Judaism and Islam

2. Ancient Africa Aksum, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Great Zimbabwe

3. Aksum Major force for 800 years Oldest Christian country Outstanding achievements Rich trading center

4. Christianity Around A.D. 300 Aksum’s people became Christian Among first Christians in the world Followed a leader called the Patriarch

5. King Ezana Ruler from A.D. 325 – 360 –Conquered part of Arabian Peninsula –Named “King of Kings”

6. Achievements Architecture Writing System Mint Coins Trade Center

7. Unique Architecture Used stone instead of brick Perfect fit, no mortar

8. Writing System The first sub Saharan kingdom to develop its own writing system.

9. Mint Coins First country south of the Sahara to mint its own coins. Printed with the saying: “May the country be satisfied.”

10. Traders came from Egypt, India, Arabia and the Roman Empire –African trade goods IvoryCloth Rhinoceros horns Trade Center Gold

11. Aksum’s Decline 700 A.D. Bagdad took over control of shipping –Aksum lost its importance 900 A.D. Aksum overthrown by local nobels and was gone

12. West African Empires Ghana Mali Songhai

13. Gold Salt

14. Empire of Ghana A major power in Africa from 700’s Major source of gold Trade Center

15. Gold Rulers of Ghana “masters of the gold” Traded gold for salt –Needed to preserve food –Equal in value

16. Trade Center Located along the major trade routes in North Africa Kings of Ghana controlled the gold-for-salt trade

17. Supply and Demand Kings kept gold scarce Supply – goods or resources people are willing to sell Demand – people’s willingness to buy an item.

18. Ghana’s Decline Ghana’s wealth created envy –Rival kingdoms wanted to control the gold trade –In 1000’s neighbors attacked –By 1230 Ghana was gone

19. Mali Sunjata Timbuktu Mansa Musa

20. Sunjata Legend: the king of Ghana murdered every prince except Sunjata, he was disabled Sunjata conquered his enemies and by 1230 became leader of Mali

21. Sunjata Set up an organized government Made salt-for-gold trade more profitable Sunjata was Muslim but let his people practice their own religion

22. Timbuktu Center of Culture Famous University Large Mosques

23. Mansa Musa Great ruler of Mali –Extended the borders and power of Mali Muslim –Went on a pilgrimage to Mecca Respected education –Brought Muslim scholars to Timbuktu

24. Mali’s Decline When Mansa Musa died in 1337, Mali rulers grew weak Mali was replaced by the Songhai Empire

25. Songhai Empire Sunnai Ali Askia Muhammad Griots

26. Sunni Ali Took control of salt and gold trade Had well trained foot soldiers and a cavalry Was a brilliant military leader Expanded Songhai’s borders

27. Askia Muhammad Sanghai reached its greatest power under Sunnai’s successor, Askia Muhammad

28. Griots People who tell stories and sing songs –Historic events –Important traditions Helps people to learn about their past Still exist today

29. Songhai’s Decline Songhai grew too large to rule Army was weaker than conquerors Morocco warriors armed with gunpowder and cannons defeated the Songhai in 1591

30. South Africa Great Zimbabwe –Developed between 1000 and 1400

31. Great Zimbabwe Called “City of Stone” –Largest stone town in South Africa

32. Located on a major trade route The city sat on a gold mine –Allowed them to control the gold trade

33. By the late 1400’s Great Zimbabwe was abandoned Why? Some Suggestions: Too much cattle grazing? Natural disaster (famine)?

34. Evaluation –Geography of Africa map activity –Chapter test