1. Legislative Texts

2. The legislative process in the EU Proposal, recommendation, communication from Commission, Green Paper, consultation, studies, draft legislation, debate, amendments, final draft, adoption Consolidation = incorporating changes (no official authenticity) Legislative consolidation = consolidated version goes through legislative procedure to become adopted

3. EP and Council procedures Assent procedure Cooperation procedure (few areas) Co-decision procedure (most areas) Consultation procedure (little used now)

4. Assent procedure

7. Tracing the procedure Oeil: Legislative Observatory analyses and monitors –the interinstitutional decision-making process –role of EP in shaping legislation –activities of various institutions involved in legislative process

8. Oeil http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/ Contains procedural factfiles –searchable by type, topic, institution

9. Types of EU legislation EU: primary legislation –treaties –international agreements EU: secondary legislation –binding: regulations, directives, decisions –non-binding: recommendation, opinion

10. EU Binding instruments Regulation: general application, binding in all Member States, no need for national authorities to do anything Directive: binding but Member States decide how to implement Decision: binding for those to whom it applies

11. UN Resolutions and decisions ‘Resolutions’ are formal expressions of the opinion or will of United Nations organs. ‘Decisions’

12. Legally binding status Resolutions of the Security Council Treaties International Law

13. EU drafting principles The Joint Practical Guide The drafting of a legislative act must be: –clear, easy to understand and unambiguous –simple, concise, containing no unnecessary elements –precise, leaving no uncertainty in the mind of the reader –appropriate to type of act and addressee –succinct, internally consistent and consistent with other legislation

14. Translation issues 1.“The original text must be particularly simple, clear and direct, since any over-complexity or ambiguity, however slight, could result in inaccuracies, approximations or real mistranslations in one or more of the other Community languages”. 2.“The use of expressions and phrases — in particular, but not exclusively, legal terms — too specific to the author’s own language or legal system, will increase the risk of translation problems”.

15. UN drafting guidelines UN editorial manual states: Goals: clear, simple, concise, action- oriented writing

16. Structure of acts 1 Title = info to identify act –if amending act, all acts amended need to be given by number –number, date, year –short title possible Preamble = citations, recitals –Citation: sets out legal basis of act (e.g. treaty): ‘Having regard to …’ –Recital: reasons for/background to provisions of enacting terms : ‘Whereas…’ – numbered

17. Structure of acts 2 Enacting terms = legislative part: articles may be grouped in titles, chapters, sections –no non-normative statements –no reproduction or paraphrasing from other legislation –first article may define subject matter and scope of act –terms can be defined in single article at beginning

18. Translation and drafting guides EU Access to language resources http://ec.europa.eu/translation/index_en.htm EU Interinstitutional style guide, in all languages: http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en- 000500.htm EU Joint Practical Guide (drafting) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/techleg/index.htm UN Editorial Manual http://69.94.137.26/editorialcontrol/index.htm

19. EU TASK Consult the annex of the Joint Practical Guide. Find the model for a Regulation in English. You can also look at examples of Regulations in Eur-lex. Draft a simple Regulation in English on the topic you researched last week. Investigate how it might be translated into your other language by looking at the other language versions of the model for a Regulation. Work individually or in pairs.

20. UN Task Look at Resolutions in English (eg. of the General Assembly or Security Council) in the document section of the UN website. Also look at the UN editorial manual to learn about the format of a Resolution. Draft a simple Resolution in English on the topic you researched last week. Investigate how it might be translated into your other language by looking at the other language versions of resolutions. Work individually or in pairs.