1. Nonrenewable Energy Sources Environmental Science 302 2013

2. World and US energy sources

3. Evaluating Energy Resources U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy; – 85% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas); – 8% from nuclear power; – 7% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

4. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

5. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

7. Problems with Fossil Fuels 1.Nonrenewable resources – At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century 2.Pollution: Impurities in fossil fuels 3.Global Warming: Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO 2 www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

8. COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality Coal: $0.85 per million Btu Natural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu

9. Net Energy (EROI)

10. 1. Coal 1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear Energy Mostly Carbon (40-98%) Water (0.2 – 1.25%) Sulfur (0.2 – 2.5%) Trace amounts of radioactive materials found in the earth.

11. The longer it’s been forming, the higher the grade – Carbon content increases – Burns hotter & cleaner!

12. PEATLIGNITE garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE

13. What sample do you have? Describe your sample (2-5 words)

14. What type of coal? P, L, B, A 1.The major US deposits are located in eastern PA 2.The most common type of coal in terms of its occurrence around the United States 3.A brownish black organic material that is used to build up garden soil 4.Because of its wide availability around the country, this type of coal is most often burned at electric power generation plants

15. Use the map to answer the following… Eastern or Western? 1.Coal from this region is generally closer to the surface and is commonly strip-mined 2.Because of higher labor intensity, coal from this region is more expensive 3.Because of low annual rainfall, reclamation of mined land in this region is more difficult.

16. Who uses it? China is the largest user: 76% of its E Used to make 75% of the world’s steel 39% of world’s electricity – What about in US?

17. Formation of Coal

18. What sample do you have? Describe your sample (2-5 words)

19. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

21. World Coal Deposits – top 3 countries?

23. Extracting Coal: Subsurface Mining for coal buried 200-1,000 ft. deep miners work in tunnels to get coal from underground – Most dangerous, most laborious Most dangerous, most laborious – Subsidence and black lung Subsidence and black lung Tour a Coal Mine: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk-jrbCi7Sc&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk-jrbCi7Sc&feature=related

24. Extracting Coal: Surface Mining for coal that is buried less than 200 feet deep – Strip Mining – remove surface – Open Pit Mining – near surface but dig down – Cheaper and safer – Higher % of coal recovered – Reclamation Reform Act study, fill, replant coal tax to restore old mines http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2009/03/removing_mountains.html

25. What type of surface mining is this?

27. Net energy? extracted, transported, processed, washed, and transported

28. Byproducts: Waste and water Sludge Runoff: Mercury, ash

29. Centralia, PA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ More than 500 fires burning in coal deposits and waste heaps in the US

30. © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.pptCoal Cons Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide Major environmental degradation Major threat to health Pros Most abundant fossil fuel Major U.S. reserves 300 yrs. at current consumption rates High net energy yield

31. Coal Coal (solid) Changing form is slightly better for pollution, but lessens net E Coal gasification  Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Coal liquefaction  Liquid fuels http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_K8jXrtPZQ Sequestration and climate change applications

32. CO2 Sequestration How can we link carbon sequestration and tertiary oil recovery? SciFi! Can we ship our CO2 to another planet and make an atmosphere???

33. 1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear Energy

34. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

35. What is oil? Petroleum (crude oil) – complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities Most valuable natural resource (?) – Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

36. What is petroleum used for? Fuel – transportation (65%), generating electricity Making products - plastic, fleece, ink, floor wax, soap, carpet, nail polish, aspirin, etc. (over 6,000 products)

38. Fractional Distillation From extraction, oil travels via pipeline to a refinery Impurities are removed Oil is heated, which separates the various liquids by various boiling points http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11k http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11o

40. What one barrel of oil makes...

41. Oil Extraction Primary Oil Recovery – Drill well – Pump out oil that flows by gravity into well Secondary Oil Recovery – Inject water into nearby water to force oil into well. http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11h

42. Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMBhX1IxajU&feature=related

43. CO2 Sequestration How can we link carbon sequestration and tertiary oil recovery? SciFi! Can we ship our CO2 to another planet and make an atmosphere???

44. Recovery & Net Energy In any oil field, only 1/3 of the heavy oil can actually be recovered by 1 st or 2 nd –ary methods Tertiary recovery uses the energy of 1/3 of a barrel of oil for each barrel it produces (<4min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVMR u7GjR7o&feature=related

45. Who Has the Oil?Reserves North America75.7 South and Central America89.5 Western Europe18.9 Former Soviet Countries58.9 Middle East673.6 Africa75.4 Far East and Oceania43.0 Total1,033.2

47. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – Set up in 1960 so developing countries would get a fair price for the resource. – Control 67% of world’s oil – Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, and Venezuela

49. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves; 65% for transportation; increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

51. Resources ≠ Reserves Resources – amounts of material that are known/ assumed to exist that can be extracted NOW or in the FUTURE for a POSSIBLE profit $ Reserves – known amounts of material that can PRESENTLY be extracted for a PROFIT – “proven”

52. How much is left? Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

53. Future of Reserves Economically depleted – When 80% of a resource has been used – Cost to extract remaining supply is more expensive than its sale price. Why change when you’ve found a good thing? – Government subsidizes price of oil – In turn... Low oil prices = stimulated economic growth discourages improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies

54. What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers $30 in initial costs + $61 for military support services = $91 per barrel of oil (Prentice Hall 2005) Oil near $119 after report of Iranian boat firing – MSNBC April. 25, 2008 Currently around $90/barrel (2013)

55. Should we use oil? PROS High net energy yield Low cost (with subsidies) Easily transported CONS Low reserves Artificially low price causes waste and discourages alternatives Air pollution (smog, acid rain) Global warming Oil spills and water pollution

56. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

57. Crude Oil Alternatives Greener oil options?

58. Oil Shale Tar Sand Oil Shale (kerogen) & Tar Sand (bitumen) Different forms of rock/sand that can be transformed (crushed/heated or pressurized) to be use like crude oil.

59. Oil Shales/Tar Sands Pros – Availability: Global supplies of shale oil may be 200x’s larger than conventional oil supplies Cons – Processing Uses ½ barrel of oil to process (heat) Uses large amounts of water (in desert areas!) Surface mining Groundwater contamination (salts, carcinogens, & toxic metals)

60. Energy Consumption in the United States 1.Wood 2.Water (steam) 3.Coal 4.Natural gas 5.Oil 6.Nuclear power 3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

61. ANWR and offshore drilling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjfssrKGsBU – Jay Leno http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjfssrKGsBU http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6351721n – Obama offshore drilling http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6351721n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA – ANWR and offshore http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO_3eiOPuqE (1:30) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO_3eiOPuqE http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/sights_n_sou nds/ http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/sights_n_sou nds/ – http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/feature1/index.html - drilling in Alaska article http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/feature1/index.html

62. 1. Oil 2. Coal 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear

63. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel Mixture 50–90% Methane (CH 4 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Propane (C 3 H 8 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

64. Where is it found?

65. Conventional vs. Unconventional Conventional natural gas = above most reservoirs of crude oil Unconventional = deposits of gas hydrates (water + methane) Global deposits estimated to contain 2X as much carbon as all other fossil fuels Not yet economically feasible www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

66. billion cubic metres

67. Conventional Natural Gas Reserves Russia (25%) Iran (15%), Qatar (14%), Saudi Arabia (4%), United Arab Emirates (4%) United States (3%) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

68. Shale deposits around the world

69. 90–95% of natural gas used in U.S. is domestic 255,000 miles of pipeline Interactive Map: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112970060http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112970060

70. Natural Gas and the Marcellus Shale http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=O0kmskvJFt0&f eature=related

72. Natural Gas Extraction 1.Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied (liquefied petroleum gas - LPG) Stored in pressurized tanks 2.Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities, Odor is added to detect leaks

73. Processing Pressurized & piped to homes. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

74. What is it used for? Fuel for transportation Producing electricity and heat

75. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt