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Published bySamantha Bryant Modified over 9 years ago
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185’x88’ draft 25’
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Sea State 6
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Worked example - Here is the electron configuration for a filled fifth shell: ShellSubshellOrbitals Electrons n = 5l = 0m = 0→ 1 type s orbital→ max 2 electrons l = 1m = -1, 0, +1→ 3 type p orbitals→ max 6 electrons l = 2m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2→ 5 type d orbitals→ max 10 electrons l = 3m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3→ 7 type f orbitals→ max 14 electrons l = 4m = -4, -3 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4→ 9 type g orbitals→ max 18 electrons Total: max 50 electrons a shell can contain up to 2n² electrons
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Igneous rocks – ignis Latin for fire
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Locations of world’s volcanoes (on land) What is heat source?
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Volcanism is governed by plate tectonics What is the biggest source of new material?
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Igneous rocks on Earth #1 – Mid-ocean ridges (divergent) #2 – Subduction zones (convergent)
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What causes an eruption….anywhere?
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Increasingheat,pressure
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Decompression melting
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Volatiles decrease melting temperature
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What causes an eruption….anywhere? 1. Decompression melting 2. Volatiles decrease melting temperature
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types?
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4 (common) extrusive igneous rocks Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Komatiite
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Where do chemical differences arise?
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Magma chamber processes
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types? Source material the same: mantle-derived Magma chamber processes: 1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series) 2. … 3. …
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TRAIL MIX MODEL OF MAGMA FORMATION Initial composition: 25% M&Ms 25% Raisins 25% Peanuts 25% Almonds
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TRAIL MIX MODEL OF MAGMA FORMATION 2nd composition: 25% M&Ms 33% Raisins 33% Peanuts 33% Almonds
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TRAIL MIX MODEL OF MAGMA FORMATION 3rd composition: 25% M&Ms 33% Raisins 50% Peanuts 50% Almonds
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Magma crystallizes through 200°C+ of temperature Magmatic differentiation
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Scenario A: young, hot magma
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Initial melt composition: 1. Olivine 2. Pyroxene Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar 3. Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase feldspar 4. Biotite mica Na-rich plagioclase feldspar
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Scenario B: magma sits around, cools
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2nd melt composition: 1. Olivine 2. Pyroxene Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar 3. Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase feldspar 4. Biotite mica Na-rich plagioclase feldspar
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Scenario C: (relatively) old, cold magma
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3rd composition: 1. Olivine 2. Pyroxene Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar 3. Amphibole Intermediate plagioclase feldspar 4. Biotite mica Na-rich plagioclase feldspar
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types? Source material the same: mantle-derived Magma chamber processes: 1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series) 2. … 3. …
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types? Source material the same: mantle-derived Magma chamber processes: 1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series) 2. Assimilation 3. Magma mixing take a long time ~ imply distance from source
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How can you predict where you’ll find different rock types?
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Which magma sits around longest?
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Which magma has to travel farthest?
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So why do we have different volcanic rock types? Source material the same: mantle-derived Magma chamber processes: 1. Magmatic differentiation (Bowen’s Reaction Series) 2. Assimilation 3. Magma mixing take a long time ~ imply distance from source
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Youngest magma ~ Closest to source Oldest magma ~ Farthest from source
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Divergent Boundary Mid-Ocean Ridge Continental rift (Hot spots) Convergent Boundary Continental/ Island Arcs Intra-continentalYellowstoneTaupo
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Divergent Boundary Mid-Ocean Ridge Continental rift (Hot spots) Convergent Boundary Continental/ Island Arcs Intra-continentalYellowstoneTaupo Most Explosive Least Explosive
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Most Explosive Least Explosive Rhyolite PeridotiteGabbroDioriteGranite AndesiteBasalt Komatiite Extrusive Intrusive
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