1. Taylor Delph James Cannariato Kayla Abrott Abby Grove Ashley George

2. Ahh! Volcanoes!

3. The Creation Story Oceanic  Continental Convergent Plates

4. Oceanic  Oceanic

5. Continental  Continental Convergent Plates

6. Features of Volcanoes

7. 3 Different Types of Volcanoes!

8. Cinder Cone Volcanoes! Paricutin

9. Stratovolcanoes! (Composite) Mt. Fuji Mt. Rainier Mt. Pinatubo

10. Why are volcanoes important?? Our team studied know effects of volcanoes and sought to uncover their impact on earth’s climate. We also developed a geo-engineering solution proposition.

11. Volcano Hazards  Volcanoes emit hazards that destroy everything in their path, including… Blasts Lahars Pyroclastic Flows Lava Poisonous Gases

12. Initial Blasts  The Initial blast of the Pinatubo volcano was an incredibly powerful event that decimated any and everything nearby. 240 megatons of thermal energy were released in eruption. (way more than a nuclear bomb.) A giant ash cloud was released that rose 35 km into the air. Hot gases and lava surged into the surrounding country side and burned everything. Volcano Domination

13. PyroClastic Flow  Pyroclastic flows are huge swirling clouds of fire, sulfur, rock, and poisonous death that explode out onto the surface  The cloud flows at extremely high speed down the surface of the mountain. Because the material is too heavy to be lifted up into the air, but hot enough to garner some lift, there is little friction with the ground to hinder its movement.

14. Lahar  A mudflow or landslide composed of pyroclastic material (tephra) and water that flows down the side of a volcano  Can flow down the side of the volcano at 60 mph.  At Pinatubo, Lahars were formed by the typhoon that was passing through the area at the time, increasing its killing power.

15. Lava  Lava is molten rock that is over 2000° F. That is hot enough to melt/destroy everything.  Molten magma billows up from inside the the earth’s crust, and comes out onto the surface and flows down the mountain side. Overtime, this builds up to create new land masses (Ex: Hawaii)

16. Hot Ash & Sulfur  Volcanoes release all kinds of poisonous gases and materials into the atmosphere These include: Sulfur, HCl( stomach acid), CO2, ash, and other horrible pollutants Sulfur reacts with the water molecules to create aerosols which reflect solar energ back into space; albedo effect The HCl come back into the atmosphere as a acid rain, which can damage lungs, eyeballs, paint, and plant life. After the Pinatubo explosion, the pollutants created dazzling sunsets as the light was refracted into reds and purples and oranges.

17. The Ozone Effect  What is the ozone?  Location  Absorbs 93-99% of the sun’s harmful radiation

18. The Ozone Effect  Sulfur Dioxide  Gases – not a direct role in cooling  Ozone depletion

19. The Ozone Effect  Our fault?  Climate change

20. Five types of fine particles contribute to haze: sulfates, nitrates, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and crustal material. Haze is caused by fine particles that scatter and absorb light, stopping it from reaching the earth’s surface and lowering global temperatures

21. Large volcanic eruption columns spew ash particles and sulfuric gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, creating clouds that can remain for weeks after the eruption The sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into space Hard to measure

22. Greenhouse Effect  Greenhouse gases Carbon Dioxide, Methane, N2O, CFCs  Short wavelength radiation UV and visible light

23. Greenhouse Effect + Mt. Pinatubo  Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming  Haze Effect « Ash cloud, Mt. Pinatubo Photo courtesy of NOAA

24.  http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-volcanoes-affect- w http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-volcanoes-affect- w  http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/climate_effects.html http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/climate_effects.html  http://climate- change.suite101.com/article.cfm/how_haze_particles_affect_climate http://climate- change.suite101.com/article.cfm/how_haze_particles_affect_climate  http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Home.html http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Home.html  http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/news/2009/greenhousegas_index_2008.html http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/news/2009/greenhousegas_index_2008.html  http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/SAGE_prt.htm http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/SAGE_prt.htm  http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/SOLAR/learning-aerosol.html http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/SOLAR/learning-aerosol.html  http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/ http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/  http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/gases/ozone http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/gases/ozone  http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/gases/climate http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/gases/climate  http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Home http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Home  http://oceanandair.coas.oregonstate.edu/index.cfm?fuseaction=content.displ ay&pageID=86