1. Chapter 21 Film Sensitometry

2. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.2 Objectives Calculate speed points, speed exposure points and relative speeds from D log E curves Calculate gamma, gradient point, average gradient and latitude from D log E curves

3. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.3 Objectives Analyze D log E curves to determine speed, contrast and latitude relationships Discuss the relationships between speed, contrast and latitude

4. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.4 Sensitometry Measures the response of film to exposure and processing

5. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.5 Sensitometric Equipment Penetrometer or sensitometer –Used to create a uniform set of densities on a film Densitometer –Provides measurement of light transmitted through film –Measures optical density

6. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.6 Penetrometer Stepwedge Used to monitor x-ray equipment Also used to monitor film/screen combinations Not recommended for processor monitoring

7. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.7 Sensitometer Uses a controlled light source –Produces same amount of light each time it is triggered

8. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.8 Sensitometer Available in 11- or 21- step versions –21 step version increases density by a factor of the square root of 2 (1.41) for each step

9. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.9 Densitometer Uniform light source and an optical sensor Calibration control allows for easy calibration

10. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.10 Optical Density Numbers Formula: –O–OD=log 10 I o /I t If 100% of the light is transmitted through the film, it has an OD of 0 If none of the light transmits through film the OD is 4

11. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.11 Opacity Ability of a film to stop light transmission Formula: –I o /I t

12. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.12 The D Log E Curve Describes relationship between density and exposure This is done through sensitometry

13. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.13 The D Log E Curve AKA –Sensitometric curve –Characteristic curve –Hurter and Driffield (H & D) curve Sensitometry’s roots lie in analysis of photographic film

14. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.14 The Sensitometric Curve Plots OD vs. LRE Log relative exposure Allows large range of exposure displayed in a few numbers

15. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.15 The Sensitometric Curve Log relative exposure Log 10 2 represents doubling exposure Log 10 2 = 0.3

16. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.16 Densitometer Reads on a scale of 0-4 –0 meaning that all light is transmitted –4 meaning that no light transmits through the film Typical diagnostic densities range between 0.25 to 2.5

17. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.17 Parts of the Curve Base + fog Toe-D min –Where the density becomes light Straight line portion –Used to demonstrate the relationship to the film’s exposure vs. the density transmitted

18. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.18 Parts of the Curve Shoulder-D max –Where the density becomes dark

19. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.19 Film Properties Base density –Inherent in a piece of film due to dyes etc. –Value is usually 0.1 OD Fog Density –Inadvertent exposure during storage handling etc. –Fog density should not exceed 0.2 OD

20. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.20 Base + Fog Cannot separate base and fog density measurements Typical range of OD for Base + fog –0.18 to 0.23 –Should not exceed 0.25

21. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.21 Toe D min Controlled by phenidone –Fast acting reducing agent in developer –Produces gray tones on film

22. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.22 Straight Line Portion Area of curve between toe and shoulder Contains range of useful densities –Typically 0.25 – 2.5 or 3.0

23. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.23 Shoulder D max Controlled by hydroquinone –Slow acting reducing agent in developer –Produces blacks in image

24. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.24 Reversal or Solarization Once a film has been exposed to D max, it will begin to lose density after further exposure Duplication film has been solarized

25. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.25 Film Characteristics Resolution Speed Contrast Latitude

26. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.26 Resolution Ability to accurately image an object AKA –Detail –Sharpness –Definition –Resolving power

27. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.27 Resolution Inversely related to size of silver halide crystals

28. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.28 Speed Ability of an IR to respond to low exposure measures its sensitivity or speed Speed index –Specified by 1.0 + base + fog

29. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.29 Speed Faster film will have a curve closer to y-axis of graph

30. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.30 Speed Film sensitivity is affected by: –Size of silver halide crystals –Number of sensitivity specks –Thickness of the emulsion All of the above are directly related to film speed

31. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.31 Speed Affected by processing –Immersion time –Solution temperature –Chemical activity

32. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.32 Speed

33. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.33 Contrast Contrast is controlled by hydroquinone –Hydroquinone establishes the shoulder –Thus, it affects slope of the straight line portion of curve

34. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.34 Film Contrast and Curve Film contrast is defined by straight line portion of the characteristic curve –Gamma slope of straight line

35. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.35 Film Contrast and Curve As the line becomes more vertical the contrast gets higher

36. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.36 Average Gradient Used to identify contrast of a film by manufacturers Slope of line that is drawn between –0.25 above base and fog density

37. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.37 Average Gradient Slope of line that is drawn between –And 2.0 above base and fog density Higher the average gradient, the higher the contrast

38. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.38 Latitude The lower the slope (the more horizontal the line) the wider the latitude

39. Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.39 Latitude Low scale of contrast in film –More latitude –Margin of error higher