1. Tracking the origins of The reserve system through the lens of Cummeragunja:
The Irish Connection
''The Ends of Ireland': Twentieth Australasian
Conference for Irish Studies, UNSW
4 - 7 December 2013
Dr Wayne Atkinson-Yorta Yorta
Cathy Guinness- Guinness Connection

2. Location of Yorta Yorta

4. Cummera & Maloga Heritage
Lynch Cooper World Champion, 1930s
Maloga:
Sir Doug Nichols
Cummeragunja: 1889-Present
Aboriginal Leaders 1930s

5. Tracking the Origins of Reserve System
Journey to North America
UK, Ireland, Australia

6. Origins of Reserve System & Policy of Segregation & Control
Reserve System underpinned Colonisation & dispossession
Practiced on Irish in 16th Century
Imported to US: Indian Removal Act 1830s
Was well developed before introduced in Australia.
Became tool of aparthied regime in Sth Africa in Presided over nearly half century of systematic and often brutal oppression of the country's black majority, who were denied the right to vote or to mix with whites (SMH, 11 April 2005).

7. “To Hell or Connaught” 1654 -1660: Reserve System under Cromwell.
Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652: Authorised the forced removal of Irish to reserves by the British

8. Summary of Paper
Paradigm of reserve system varied in the way is was applied and practiced in other other former British colonies but when sanctioned by the Anglo legal system become equally formidable in legitimizing land theft, forced removal and domination and control of traditional owners-key characteristics of British colonisation wherever it went under the guise of British territorial expansion into Indigenous lands.
British colonisation was driven by a mindset of segregation and control which underwrote the dispossession and forced removal of the traditional owners.
Reserves were the means by which the traditional owners could be removed from their lands to allow for it to be planted by settler society without hindrance from the traditional owners.
Policy was practiced and refined from experience in other former British colonies before it reached Australia.
The reserve system and the policy of segregation and control as it was applied in Indigenous Australia went hand in glove with dispossession, and was the means by which the legal fiction of terra nullius was legitimised.

9. Guinness Family Tree
Arthur Guinness’s youngest son served in the British East India Co Army.
He married Jane D’Esterre whose 1st husband was mortally wounded in a dual with Daniel O’Connell.
Henry Grattan Guinness founded Harley Missionary Training College, East London. His own children served in China, Congo, and Sudan
Dr Harry Grattan Guinness
- founded Congo Balolo Mission
- founded Congo Reform Association
Arthur Guinness
Founder of Guinness
Brewery, 1759
*Captain John Grattan Guinness
9th child
Henry Grattan Guinness
*Dr Harry Grattan Guinness
Rev Howard Guinness
Catherine Guinness
Olivia Whitmore
Cousin of patriot Henry Grattan
Jane Lucretia Desterre
Fanny Fitzgerald
Annie Reed
Barbara Green
Dr Wayne Atkinson
Yorta Yorta
I am a direct descendant of Arthur Guinness the Brewer. Arthur’s youngest son married the widow of D’Esterre after her husband was mortally wounded in a dual with Daniel O’Connell. Their eldest son was Henry Grattan Guinness who was both my great grandfather and the founder of a missionary dynasty. This makes me a personification of the coloniser – privileged as Anglo-Celtic, but also descended from a line of missionaries, a group that gets plenty of flack these days for their collusion with colonial governments.