1. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building John Brooks Richard Jones Reid Senescu Min Jae Suh Matt Yamasaki GSB Library Atrium Building Analysis Knight Management Center

2. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Options Base No Basement Skylights Alternate Basement Skylights

3. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Options Base No Basement Skylights Alternate Basement Skylights

4. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Potential Advantages of Skylight PlusMinus StructureNone expectedOther beams bigger. Larger lateral deflections. More complex gravity framing EnergyMore natural ventilation, less cooling load Bigger temp. difference between bottom and top of library Less insulation, could create more heating/cooling load LightingMore daylighting,.less energyPotential glare, sunshine on books AcousticsNone expectedLouder, more sound absorbing material CFDNat. Ventilation better in the summer Airflow from doors could decrease comfort in winter CostLower life cycle costHigher first cost, because of less homogenous design ScheduleNone expectedAdded scope, longer duration

5. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Outline 1.Goals and Preferences 2.Structure 3.Lighting 4.Acoustics 5.Cost 6.Schedule, 4D 7.Energy Analysis 8.CFD 9.Value Summary 10.Decision For each tool: a)Inputs b)Assumptions c)Metrics d)Results e)Confidence f)Comparison

6. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Structure ETABS Revit Structure 2008

7. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Process Begin with Revit model Export exr file via CSIxRevit2008 Import files to ETABS Correct geometry, rebuild moment frame, establish foundation conditions. Assign loading conditions Generate deflection and moment conditions –Screenshots to PPT Evaluate performance (deflections) Evaluate efficiency (lb of steel/sf)

8. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Assumptions Default Static Loads –Dead –Live –Wind 3 Types of Quake Analysis –Recreated ARUP user defined loads. –IBC 2006 Defaults. –IBC 2006 matching spectral acceleration to USGS data.

9. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline Structural System Y Direction: Braced Frame X Direction: Moment Frame Baseline Moment Frame

10. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Framing Changes Revit Structural framing changes made in Revit to allow for exchange with Building Explorer

11. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Moments Original Atrium Revised Atrium Virtually Identical

12. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Deflections

13. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Design Check

14. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Efficiency Check Revit Original Structure Revised Structure Family and TypeCountVolumeUnitsCountVolumeUnits W16303319.11cf297308.53cf W1870106.61cf W2125.24cf25.24cf W2494213.41cf106242.28cf HSS-BRB3037.18cf3037.39cf Steel Volume 681.55cf593.44cf Weight of Steel 306,698lb267,048lb Building Area 44,220sf44,220sf Efficiency 6.94lb/sf6.04lb/sf

15. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Structure – Metrics GoalMetricPreferenceCriteria -303 Direct Metrics Use Materials Responsibly Weight of Steel3.4+10 lb/sf7 lb/sf 5 lb/sf Minimize Liability Deflections3.0>5.03.0<1.0 Dependent Metrics First Cost$

16. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Confidence Total Sub process Effectiveness: 30% Confident in information transfer: –Transfer between Revit and ETABS is error prone. 20% Confident in accuracy of results: –Worked through several pages of error messages over numerous iterations. Made substantial improvements in consistency of results. Still not completely confident about all inputs. –Increased efficiency appears to be excessive relative to the framing changes made. –Getting steel quantities from ETABS would be preferable.

17. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Day Light DaySim

18. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Lighting - Assumptions Occupied 10 AM to 12 AM Min. Illuminance: 300 lux Active and Passive light switching and blind use Motion and Daylight Sensors Installed lighting power density 1.5 W/SF

19. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Lighting – Metrics GoalMetricPreferenceCriteria -303 Direct Metrics Be BeautifulSpatial Quality of Interior Areas 4.0Claustro- phobic OKBeautiful Provide Good Light Cont. Daylight Autonomy >10% 4.80060 Dependent Metrics Minimize Operation Cost Energy Cost Per sf / Yr4.421.541.1 Minimize Net Energy Use Energy Consumption / Yr5.6>250020001000

20. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building 20 Skylights provide more light… Annual Light Exposure (lux hours) Base No Basement Skylights Alternate Basement Skylights

21. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Not much direct light… Alternate Basement Skylights December 21, 2008 Alternate Basement Skylights December 21, 2008, 2:00 PM

22. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Not much direct light… Alternate Basement Skylights December 21, 2008, 2:00 PM

23. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Confidence Total Sub process Effectiveness: 100% Confident in information transfer accuracy: –Performed thorough verification of material transfer –Geometry transferred accurately as.dwg 75% Confident in results accuracy: –Architect did not assign materials thoughtfully in Revit –No way of verifying intended material and true material properties –Revit rendering tools (especially animation) seem overly simplistic

24. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Alternate Provides More Value GoalMetricBaseAlternate PredictionScorePredictionScore Be BeautifulSpatial Quality of Interior Areas Dark-2Nice1 Provide Good LightDAcon >10% (%)00241 Day Lighting Value-88.8 Minimize Operation Cost Energy Cost Per Square Foot / Yr $1049N/A$968N/A Minimize Net Energy Use Energy Consumption / Yr 7550 kwh N/A6970 kwh N/A

25. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Acoustics Ecotect

26. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building 26 Information Goal  What is the acoustic influence of 3 skylights on the 1 st floor to the GSB Library? Models  Baseline: Original GSB Library  Alternate: GSB Library with 3 skylights Parameter  Two different volume(Base:11,289m³ vs. Alternate:13,815m³)  Two different spots of speaker(Basement vs. 1 st Floor) Expectative Value  Alternate model produces a longer Reverberation Time in the two cases because of the bigger volume

27. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Process Put 3 Skylights to original Simplify the Revit models with Revit Architecture 2008 Convert.rvt file to.dxf file Import.dxf file to ECOTECT 5.5 Design the process with NARRATOR Refer to the Stakeholder Preference for MACDAI

28. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building 28 Assumption Material Condition (Fixed)

29. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Assumption (Cont) Sound Condition (Setup 1 speaker) Baseline ModelAlternate Model 1 st Floor VS. Base ment VS.

30. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Assumption (Cont) Sound influences only front half side of the building Consider only Sabine Algorithm for Reverberation Time Consider Audible Speech Frequencies: 500Hz ~ 4KHz (http://squ1.org/wiki/Human_Ear) No influence from an outside weather and a noise 200 Hard-back Chairs, 50% Occupancy

31. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Metrics GoalMetricPreferenceCriteria -303 Direct Metrics Provide Acoustic Performance Reverberation Time (ms) 3.3Over 7000ms 4000ms ~ 4999ms Under 2000ms Dependent Metrics Minimize Operation Cost N/A Minimize Net Energy Use N/A

32. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Base vs. Alternate Sound Path (1 st Floor) Baseline Alternate

33. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Base vs. Alternate (Cont) Sound Path (Basement) Baseline Alternate

34. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline 500Hz~4KHz Speech Audible Frequency Base vs. Alternate (Cont) 1 st Floor RT Alternate 500Hz~4KHz Speech Audible Frequency

35. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline 500Hz~4KHz Speech Audible Frequency Base vs. Option (Cont) Basement RT Alternate 500Hz~4KHz Speech Audible Frequency

36. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Conclusion Sound Path  Skylights allow the intrusiveness to each floor, but little. Reverberation Time  Accept Requirement *Library RT Criteria: Under 2sec (2000ms) (Acoustical considerations in planning and design of library facilities, Denelle&John, Vol 17 No.4, 1999)  All RTs are over the requirement for a library. BaselineAlternate 1 st Floor 2250ms ( Ⅹ )2525ms ( Ⅹ ) Basement 10040ms ( Ⅹ )9540ms ( Ⅹ ) Average 6144ms ( Ⅹ )6034ms ( Ⅹ )

37. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Recommendation Changing the materials to sound-absorbing materials in the basement for reducing sound reflecting Ex. Acoustical tile ceiling, Carpets, Fiberglass panels, Fabric wrapped etc. Avoiding on parallel walls with sound reflecting surfaces Ex. One wall of the room is glass, the wall opposite should have a sound-absorptive treatment

38. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Confidence Total Sub process Effectiveness:  100% Confident in information transfer accuracy: –Geometry transferred accurately as.dwg –Performed thorough verification of material transfer  70% Confident in results accuracy: –Architect did not assign materials thoughtfully in Revit –Demolish some structure components in Revit –Material library is short to assign in Ecotect –No way of verifying intended material and true material properties –A noise might replace a speaker as people’s voice –Average reverberation time calculates for the MACDADI result

39. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline & Alternate Same Value GoalMetricBaseAlternate PredictionScorePredictionScore Provide Acoustic Performance Reverberation Time (ms) 6000ms~ 6999ms -26000ms~ 6999ms -2 Acoustics Value-6.6

40. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Cost and Schedule, 4D Building Explorer

41. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Process Begin with Revitt model Export database, ifc, scene file –Assign assemblies to each component in bldngs Import files to Building Explorer Verify Components/Assemblies Assign geographical location Produce Schedule Produce Estimate Screenshots to PPT…

42. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Assumptions BE RS Means Database Cost Info Correct –Had to substitute a few assemblies BE Assembly Sequencing Correct –Distributes floor-wise, however structural members have weird sequencing –Structural, slabs, walls, roof, interior, equipment

43. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline System Baseline Structural SystemBaseline Architectural Model -few structural members

44. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline Architectural Costs

45. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline Structural Costs

46. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline Architectural Schedule Architectural Model

47. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline Structural Schedule

48. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Baseline 4D Models Baseline Arch 4D Baseline Struct 4D

49. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Alternate System Baseline Structural SystemBaseline Architectural Model -few structural members

50. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Alternate Architectural Costs

51. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Alternate Structural Costs

52. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Alternate Architectural Schedule Architectural Model

53. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Alternate Structural Schedule

54. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Alternate 4D Models Baseline Arch 4D Baseline Struct 4D

55. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Summary Baseline –Arch Cost: $5,090,875.99 –Struct Cost: $181,312.92 –Arch Duration: 308 –Struct Duration: 23 Alternate –Arch Cost: $5,784,021.25 –Struct Cost: $216,957.11 –Arch Duration: 340 –Struct Duration: 28 ~10% INCREASE

56. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Metrics AnalysisGoalMetric-303 Cost/Sched Minimize First Cost$/sqft1951480 Minimize Schedule Duratindays5483650 Base Cost 0 Alt Cost 0 Base Sched -1 Alt Sched -1 score

57. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Confidence Total sub process effectiveness: –85% confident in information transfer accuracy Assembly database missing a few components –Had to find something comparable –95% confident in results accuracy For what was entered results seemed to be accurate

58. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy and CFD IES

59. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis Goal: –To determine operating cost of building –To determine energy consumption of building –To determine environmental impact of building

60. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis Assumptions: –Model inputs HVAC System: Mixed System w/ natural ventilation –VAV as main system –Natural Ventilation as auxiliary system. Weather file: Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA Building type: Library Building construction: Educational –Code regulated floor and roof –Low-e double glazed windows and atrium glass Thermal condition: Atrium Each Floor –Fluorescent lighting – 1.5W/SF –People 65 from 10am-12am –Computers – 0.929W/SF –Miscellaneous – 1W/SF –Air exchanges: »Base case: Natural ventilation – 1 ach, Infiltration: 0.167 ach »Alternative Case: Natural ventilation – 1 ach, infiltration – 0.25 ach –Simulation Run period: 1 Jan to 31 Dec Time step: 10 minutes Report interval: 60 minutes Preconditioning: 10 days

61. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis Metrics Benchmarks (Office building) –Energy cost: Northern CA average of $1.54 –Energy usage: National average of 2000 MMBtu –CO2 emissions: West Coast average of 20lb/sf AnalysisGoalMetricPreference-303 Energy Minimize Operation CostEnergy Cost Per sf / Yr4.421.541.1 Minimize Net Energy UseEnergy Consumption / Yr5.6>250020001000 Exhibit Environmental SustainabilityAnnual CO2 Emissions per sf4.2>30200

62. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis Results Energy consumption: –Base case: 2402.4MMBtu –Alternative case: 2470.1MMBtu Alternative case energy consumption Base case energy consumption

63. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis Results CO2 Emissions –Base Case: 601,404lb/yr –Alternative: –636,976lb/yr Base Case CO2 Emissions Alternative Case CO2 Emissions

64. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis Results Heating/Cooling Loads –Base Case: 276.4MMBtu – heating 661.5MMBtu – cooling –Alternative Case: 188.3MMBtu – heating 1096.7MMBtu – cooling Base Case Cooling Loads Alternative Cooling Loads

65. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis Results Comparison Charts

66. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis - Confidence Total sub process effectiveness: –90% confident in information transfer accuracy Geometry transferred accurately Room data transferred accurately Unsure about atrium/open spaces –60% Confident in results accuracy Had to build new model from scratch Inconsistencies in program Assumptions blackbox

67. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Energy Analysis – Value Comparison Base Case provides more value Goal Metric BaseAlternative PredictionScorePredictionScore Minimize Operation CostEnergy Cost Per Square Foot / Yr2.06-3.002.17-3.00 Minimize Net Energy UseEnergy Consumption / Yr2402-1.672470-1.90 Exhibit Environmental SustainabilityAnnual CO2 Emissions13.61.2814.41.12 Value -17.176-19.136

68. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis Goals: –Determine occupant comfort –Determine thermal condition of room affected by alteration

69. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis Process –Run ApacheSim to get MacroFlo parameters Problem: Geometry translation Solution: Necessary output found in ApacheSim

70. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis - Metrics Benchmark: –IES Comfort Indices 1 – unbearably cold 7 – perfectly comfortable 15 – unbearably hot –Mean percentage of people dissatisfied Subjective benchmark –Predicted mean Vote 0 – neutral -3 – cold +3 - hot

71. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis - Metrics Metrics AnalysisGoalMetricPreference-303 CFD Provide Thermal ComfortPercentage of people dissatisfied3.675%20%5% Provide Thermal ComfortPredicted Mean Vote3.63,-31,-10 Provide Thermal ComfortComfort Index3.61,13-154,107

72. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis - Results Base Case: –Percentage dissatisfied: Max: 28% Min: 5% Mean: 10% –Predicted Mean Vote: Max: 1.04 Min: -0.23 Mean: 0.35 –Comfort Index: Max: 10 Min: 6 Mean: 8 Alternative Case: –Percentage dissatisfied: Max: 28% Min: 5% Mean: 10% –Predicted Mean Vote Max: 1.04 Min: -0.23 Mean: 0.38 –Comfort Index: Max: 10 Min: 6 Mean: 8

73. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis Graphical Representation of results Percentage of dissatisfied occupants Predicted Mean Vote

74. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis Stacks study room thermal analysis –Peak room loads –Room conditions: Occupied –Whole day Room Name Temperature (°F)Relative Humidity (%)PPD (%) MaxMinMaxMinMaxMin Base756470.525.716.85 Alternative756470.525.716.66 Room Name Peak Room Conditioning Loads (Btu/h) Internal * Cooling Checks Gains Sensible Humidi-Dehumidi-(Btu/h) (Btu/h·ft²)(cfm/ft²) HeatingCoolingfication Base247902665831478229359485.420.35 Alternative234012868031458229359485.830.38 Room Name Temperature (°F)Relative Humidity (%)PPD (%) MaxMinMaxMinMaxMin 18 Room756476.922.219.45 18 Room756476.822.219.35

75. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD Analysis Confidence Total sub process effectiveness: –0% confident in information transfer accuracy No errors in geometry transfer Still finds “external” holes in building even though new model created –60% confident in results accuracy “Blackbox” effect Unsure how program treats atrium/open spaces

76. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building CFD – Value Comparison Base case provides more value Goal Metric BaseAlternative PredictionScorePredictionScore Provide Thermal ComfortPercentage of people dissatisfied102.00102.00 Provide Thermal ComfortPredicted Mean Vote0.351.600.381.48 Provide Thermal ComfortComfort Index82.008 Value 20.1619.73

77. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Options are close….. Base – No Basement SkylightsAlternate – Basement Skylights -0.3 Weighted Value.07 Weighted Value

78. GSB Library Atrium Analysis Knight Management Building Include Skylights Alternate – Basement Skylights.07 Weighted Value