1. Page 1 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Avian Flu Baseline Survey Backyard Poultry Farmers Of Vietnam Backyard Poultry Farmers Of Vietnam Key Results Presentation Ha Noi, 22 nd February 2006 Replace with VN Map www.indochinaresearch.com Indochina Research Ltd research@irl.com.vn

2. Page 2 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Objectives Introduction & Methodology

3. Page 3 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006  The Academy for Educational Development (AED), on behalf of USAID, is conducting behaviour change communications (BCC) activities on Avian Influenza in Laos, Cambodia, and Viet Nam.  The main target group of these activities are rural backyard poultry farmers.  To plan these BCC activities, AED is conducting three successive surveys. The presentation reports on the Vietnam Baseline Survey. The aims of study are to...  Constitute a KAP (knowledge/ attitudes/ practices) baseline of the rural backyard poultry farmers relating to the prevention and containment of Avian Influenza – a set of research tools and parameters which can be repeatedly applied in order to monitor trends;  Provide insights into Vietnam farmers’ culture, and derive strategies capable of influencing behavioural and cultural patterns in order to contain the spread of AI in each country. Introduction Research Background & Objective

4. Page 4 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Data collection  Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, during Dec 2005.  Post-fieldwork, 30% of the interviews were randomly selected and re-conducted.  Interviewees were rural backyard poultry farmers (defined as having 10 to 100 adult poultry, excl. fighting cocks).  Main decision-makers in buying, selling and raising poultry were interviewed. Sample selection  3 Communes purposively selected in each of the 2 survey provinces.  3 communes with AI outbreaks were purposively chosen in each province  In each commune, 3 villages were randomly selected - 10 interviews per village. Locations  2 provinces selected in consultation with MARD/DAH: Bac Ninh &Tien Giang  Sample of N=300 in each province Methodology Description Introduction

5. Page 5 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Sample - Demographics Backyard Farmer Decision makers are....  Both Male & Female – on par with the general population profile.  Mostly more than 35 years old (80%) – this is in contrast to the general population of these two provinces with only 30% in this same age range.  Nearly two-third households earn less or around 100$ per month – this would indicate that poultry proobably constitutes an important part of the family budget and a valuable source of nutrition.  Educational levels are low – two-third have completed either primary / secondary  From a demographic viewpoint, there are no major differences between Bac Ninh and Tien Giang S4b, D2, D5, Region, D3 Introduction

6. Page 6 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006  Vast majority raised less than 20 poultry with the average being 5 head per farm.  Bac Ninh has a more “agricultural” profile than Tien Giang in that the typical farm raises many more breeds of animal...this no doubt contributes to a comparatively higher revenue per month.  Raising poultry is primarly for reasons of Subsistence & Nutrition. 65% in Bac Ninh and 93% in Tien Giang don’t sell poultry.  For those who do sell poultry, sales tend not to be on a regular basis – rather the main motivation is that poultry is sold “when they mature”(67%) and are mostly sold to larger poultry collectors/farms. S2, Q2a,b, Q3a, MD8, MD13 Sample – Raising Profiles Introduction

7. Page 7 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006  Among all media options available, television is the favoured medium.  Radio listenership is 3 times higher in Tien Giang than in Bac Ninh.  Bac Ninh farmers tend to watch TV for longer durations than those in Tien Giang. S2, Q2a,b, Q3a, MD8, MD13 Sample – Media Profiles Introduction

8. Page 8 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Poultry Raising Habits

9. Page 9 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Interviewers’ Observations Poultry Raising Habits Q1  3 key issues demonstrate that Bac Ninh farmers tend to have better poultry raising practices than farmers in Tien Giang.  It needs to be acknowledged when formulating national campaigns that this imbalance among provinces is likely to be replicated in other parts of country.

10. Page 10 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Reasons for not keeping poultry caged all the time Q 9b  A major common reason is to let the poultry (especially ducks) find their own feed – due to farms’s financial inability to buy food. Poultry Raising Habits

11. Page 11 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q10a, Q10c by location Keeping chickens & ducks separate all the time  In outbreak areas, past experience seems to have taught a lesson on the importance of seperating chickens to ducks.  For those not separating poultry – the main reason is because of lack of space available to do so – thus the financial reasons seen before are not the only barrier to best practice for AI prevention. Do you keep chickens separate from ducks all the time? (N=153) Poultry Raising Habits

12. Page 12 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q13a, b Personal precautions after handling poultry  Only 51% respondents wash their hands with soap everytime after handling poultry while around 1-in-4 never change clothes  95% of those who don’t wash their hands and 90% don’t change clothes regularly say such practices are “not important” or “not necessary” How often…. Wash hands with soap How Often… Change clothes after handling poultry Poultry Raising Habits

13. Page 13 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Awareness of Avian Flu

14. Page 14 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Ways of spreading AI in poultry Q16a  Answers are quite similar across locations  More than half farmers are aware of at least 2 ways in which AI can be spread in poultry. AI Awareness

15. Page 15 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Most important source of AI info Q16c  Mostly TV has played a major source in making farmers aware of AI.  All other sources have contributed little  It should be noted that some FGDs conducted in these locations confirm that AI leaflets / brochures provide access to very detailed information on AI and have proven to be quite useful. AI Awareness

16. Page 16 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q18a1 &2 Perception of Seriousness of AI Poultry Outbreak.v. Human Infection  AI is clearly perceived as a serious threat to human beings as it can potentially cause death and spread among communities.  The vast majority (90%+) take AI quite seriously in regards to poultry...because  AI spreads from poultry to human (77% chickens & 65% ducks)  AI spreads among poultry and causes massive death (38% chickens & 49% ducks)  AI causes financial damage (14% chickens and 16% ducks)  Only those farmers who raise very few poultry view AI with the minimum of worry – as they perceive that financial impact of AI outbreak would be limted – perhaps these smaller farms not seeing the full ramifications of AI. How serious is Human Infection Not serious at all = 1; Very serious = 7 AI Awareness How serious is Poultry Outbreak

17. Page 17 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q19a1 &2 by location, Q19c,d Can you always see when CHICKENS get AI? (N=596) Awareness of AI & its symptoms Ducks.v. Chickens  The vast majority of farms in both locations lack knowledge in recognizing AI symtoms – this is particulalrly true in relation to ducks.  Most symptoms raised (with possible exceptions of sudden deaths (45%) and death in large numbers (32%) are not AI-specific. AI Awareness Can you always see when DUCKS get AI? (N=596)

18. Page 18 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q21a by location, Q21b  Awareness that AI is a danger to humans is nearly universal in both outbreak and non-outbreak areas.  Knowledge of the methods by which AI can be contracted are well understood for the most common cause - human contact.  Farmers are less aware of others causes of AI such as Contact with Feces and Eating of inflected poultry. How can humans get AI? (N=585) Awareness of AI & its symptoms in humans AI Awareness

19. Page 19 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Current AI Specific Practices

20. Page 20 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q23a & Q23b  Almost 100% of all farms in all areas claim they would report AI outbreaks.  Willingness to report is most likely to initally be to the local animal health worker. To whom most likely? (N=574) Reporting an AI outbreak in one’s own poultry Current AI Practices

21. Page 21 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Things done/ doable to protect poultry from AI Q 24a, b Current AI Practices

22. Page 22 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Things done/ doable to protect yourself & your family from AI Q 25a, b 2 Respondents state they are taking many precautions to protect themselves and their family from AI – but earlier data (re washing hands & changing clothes before & after handling poultry) raise questions about the frequency of these practices. Further investigation & monitoring is required in these areas Current AI Practices

23. Page 23 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Dealing with AI-suspected poultry Q26a  Following the instruction of Animal Health Dept., Killing & burying them or keeping them under surveillance are the key ways AI suspected poultry are dealt with currently. Current AI Practices

24. Page 24 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 What to do if there is an AI outbreak in the area Q27  Animal Health Workers appear to be the key external influence in how backyard famers deal with cases of AI outbreak Current AI Practices

25. Page 25 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q29a by location, Q30 by location Own poultry’s risk of being infected by AI  A key finding is that on the whole, backyard farmers find the risk of their own poultry contracting AI as very low. The result of this may be...  May not motivate farmers to be continually vigilant & proactive in preventing AI.  Current widespread vaccination may be leading to a “false sense of security”  Creates a challenge for BCC to emphasise that Vaccination alone does not replace the need to implement other preventative measures. How likely you think it is …. Very unlikely = 1; Very likely = 7 Current AI Practices

26. Page 26 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Past AI Experience

27. Page 27 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q34a by location, Q33b Compensation Received? (N=90) For poultry culled because of AI… Compensation Feedback  Except BN (Non Outbreak Areas) farmers, more than 2 in 3 received compensation after culling of their own poultry.  Additionally there was a common dissatisfaction (seen from FGD conducted in these areas) about the amount of compensation provided.  The fact that some farm decision makers were unaware of whether or not compensation had been made indictates possible confusion in the compensation process. Past AI Experience

28. Page 28 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q33c, d, e  Overall 67% sample would want compensation – not real difference between outbreak/non outbreak areas – and Interestingly 1-in-4 were unsure  Almost everybody wanted monetary compensation, on average they asked for 17,330VND ($1.1) per bird and were prepared to wait only about 2 weeks before getting compensation. For those not culled…. Compensation Expectations (1) Compensation Wanted (N=375) Type of Compensation Preferred Past AI Experience

29. Page 29 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q33c, d, e Past AI Experience  Compensation expected from “Local” Sources - Commune & Village authorities – and these sources may have limited budgets and the least capacity to pay compensation. Expect Compensation From Whom? For those not culled…. Compensation Expectations (2)

30. Page 30 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Past AI Vaccination

31. Page 31 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Have your poultry been vaccinated? (N=596) Why not vaccinated? (N=22) Have Poultry been vaccinated? Past AI Vaccination

32. Page 32 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 How many have been vaccinated? Chickens (N=582) Ducks (N=170) Why not vaccinated the 2 nd shot? Chickens (n=32) Ducks (N=50) Vaccination by Poultry Type Past AI Vaccination

33. Page 33 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Conclusions & Implications

34. Page 34 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q33c, d, e Summary Comments Conclusions & Implications Farm Profiles & Poultry Raising Habits  Backyard farms are typically very small in nature poultry only sold rarely – with their livestock being a main source of nutrion. Implication – this may make many farms hesitant to any cull poultry without swift & appropriate levels of compensation.  Animals mix freely, foraging for food and farms are constrained by physical size & finances in their ability to pen, house & separate poultry. Implication – the impact of BCC alone on long term behaviour will be limited unless these underlying factors are recognised and initiatives launched to resolve.  Few wash their hands with soap after handling poultry and even fewer change clothes regularly saying such practices are “not necessary”. Implication – continued emphasis the basic AI prevention practices must be core to any communication campaigns. Awareness & Knowledge  A significant proportion of farms believe that it is possible to recognise birds that are sick with AI - as well as being generally unaware that other birds could get AI. Implication – the educational nature of BCC needs focus in this area.  Knowledge of contracting AI via human contact is well understood but lesser causes of contagion are less understood. Implication - Broadening of the education message may be required so that all possible ways of contagion are covered & emphasised.

35. Page 35 PROJECT “ AI” - VIETNAM KEY RESULTS PRESENTAION – 22th FEB 2006 Q33c, d, e Summary Comments Conclusions & Implications AI Practices & Perceptions 2Local Animal Health Workers appear to be the main reporting & support mechanism and as such are a distinct medium / channel to backyard farmers in Vietnam and should not be ignored in BCC planning. Implication – the institutional questions regarding the number of AHW (are there enough?) and the support (resources, education, information) provided to them by government need some careful consideration in planning AI prevention. 2Most farms can mention only 1 additional practical AI prevention measures that they can do. Implication – farmers may feel that they are limited in what they can do. Thus to prevent relapse to old practices over time – consistent re-inforcement of key AI prevention messages is required  Despite the perceived seriousness of AI, backyard farmers see the risk of their own poultry contracting AI as very low. This sentiment has the following implications....  May not motivate farmers to be continually vigilant & proactive in preventing AI.  Current widespread vaccination may be leading to a “false sense of security”  Creates a challenge for BCC to emphasise that Vaccination alone does not replace the need to implement other preventative measures. Compensation  Compensation has not been universal, some dissatisfaction exists with the amount of compensation provided – thus there may be some confusion in the compensation process. Implication – with farm wanting monetary compensation from local authorities the onus is to co-ordinate & facilitate the compensation process as this should assit with backyard farmer compliance in AI prevention activities.

36. Thank You Hanoi 22 nd February 2006 www.indochinaresearch.com Indochina Research Ltd research@irl.com.vn