1. HOW DOES GENDER SHAPE YOUR IDENTITY? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMYmIXuhTvo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- VqsbvG40Ww&feature=related

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain how gender influences a person’s identity. Be able to evaluate the notion that gender identities have been socially constructed.

3. SEX AND GENDER – WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? SEX GENDER Biological differences between males and females. Chromosomes, hormones, menstruation and genitalia. Cultural expectations. Each gender is expected to conform to masculine and feminine behaviour. These concepts are not fixed; they change over time and differ from culture to culture.

4. BIOLOGY V CULTURE What evidence do the Sociobiologists use to explain the differences between the sexes? What evidence does the feminist Ann Oakly use to counter-argue the biological arguement?

5. GENDER STEREOTYPES Men are: strong, rational, tough, business- minded, capable, logical. Women are: passive, gentle, caring, emotional, dizzy, maternal.

6. GENDER STEREOTYPES - DISNEY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8O8p0 Ac1Rg

7. GENDER ROLE SOCIALISATION Gender differences between males and females are largely the result of society’s expectations. Masculinity and Femininity are SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED rather than being the product of biology.

8. HEGEMONY Connell (2002) – hegemonic masculinity and femininity dominated our culture until recently. Distinct maternal and paternal family roles.

9. ANN OAKLEY (1982) – 4 PROCESSES TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER IDENTITY. MANIPULATION – encourage and reward sex appropriate behaviour. CANALIZATION – directed towards appropriate toys DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES VERBAL APPELLATIONS

10. GENDER CODES Statham (1986) – by the age of 5, most children have acquired a clear identity.

11. THE EDUCATION SYSTEM AND TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLE SOCIALISATION Sue Sharpe – study of working class girls in the 1970’s – found that girls education was regarded as less important than boys. Early feminist studies in the 1970’s

12. CRITICISMS OF GENDER ROLE SOCIALISATION Are the experiences of all men and women the same? Do they differ according to age, ethnicity, class? Are we so passive that we accept the gender roles imposed upon us?

13. How is it done? Examples of role modelling, imitation and sanctions in Primary agents Secondary agents http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jCcio8KdWfM http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jCcio8KdWfM http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ebno9Rt0beU http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ebno9Rt0beU E.g

14. Activity in workbooks How do agents of socialisation affect gender identity? Family Education Media Religion Peer group Media