2.  Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers. Reconstruction  Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government carried out a program to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union. This program was known as Reconstruction.  Freedmen  Freedmen (freed slaves) were starting out their new lives in a poor region with slow economic activity.  Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion. Freedmen  Poor white Southerners could not find work because of new job competition from Freedmen.  The war had destroyed two thirds of the South’s shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.

3. 1865, Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau to help former slaves get a new start in life. This was the first major relief agency in United States history. Bureau’s Accomplishments  Helped them find jobs.  Built thousands of schools to educate Blacks.  Former slaves rushed to get an education for themselves and their children.  Prior to the war, education was difficult and dangerous to gain because Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would be armed with knowledge.

4. At the end of the Civil War, the former slaves were thrust into an ambiguous state of freedom. Most reacted cautiously, remaining on plantations where they had been relatively well-treated and fleeing those with cruel overseers. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped them find new jobs and housing, as well as provided money and food to those in need. They also helped establish schools at all levels for blacks, among them Fisk University and Howard University.

5. Freedmen’s Bureau 3

6. Freedmen’s Bureau 4

7. Freedmen’s Bureau 5

8. Original Plans of Reconstruction: Lincoln’s Plan The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, December 1863, gave forgiveness to those who pledged Union loyalty and support for emancipation. When 10% of voters had taken the oath, a new state government could be organized. The new government was required to ban slavery. This plan for readmission was known as the Ten Percent Plan. Opposition Wade-Davis Bill –In 1864, Congress wrote its own plan. –Majority of white male citizens would be required to take a loyalty oath before elections could be held. Lincoln killed the bill using a pocket veto (it passed in the last 10 days of the legislative session)

9. Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s Reconstruction. Supported Lincoln’s Plan Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over who would lead the country through Reconstruction. Would be impeached but not removed from office. Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s Reconstruction. Supported Lincoln’s Plan Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over who would lead the country through Reconstruction. Would be impeached but not removed from office. With Lincoln’s assassination, vice-president Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency. Johnson, a Southern Democrat, had opposed secession and strongly supported Lincoln during his 1 st term. In return, Lincoln rewarded him with the Vice Presidency. When the War ended, Congress was in recess and would not reconvene for 8 months. That left the early stages of Reconstruction entirely in Johnson’s hands. Johnson had lifted himself from poverty and held no great love for the South’s elite planters, and at first seemed intent on taking power away from the old aristocracy and giving it to the yeomen and small farmers.

10. “slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Congress enforce The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 14th 13th: Slavery Abolished

11. Amnesty: Rebels sign an oath of allegiance, especially high ranking Confederate officialsRebels sign an oath of allegiance, especially high ranking Confederate officials Write new state Constitutions approve the 13th Amendmentapprove the 13th Amendment reject secession and state’s rightsreject secession and state’s rights submit to U.S. Government authoritysubmit to U.S. Government authority No mention of Education for freedmenEducation for freedmen Citizenship and voting rightsCitizenship and voting rights

12. pardon This did NOT work, mostly because Johnson pardoned many of the Southern elite who were supposed to have been excluded from the reunification process. After the states drafted new constitutions and elected new governments, former Confederate officials were again in positions of great power. Also, many of their new constitutions were only slight revisions of previous constitutions.

13. Southern legislators began passing a series of laws defining the status of freedom. These laws, called Black Codes, limited freedmen’s rights to assemble and travel, and restricted their access to public institutions.  As southern states were restored to the Union under President Johnson’s plan, they began to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights.  The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these:  Curfews : Generally, black people could not gather after sunset.  Vagrancy laws : Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor.  Labor contracts : Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.  Land restrictions : Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

14. Black codes 1

15. Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Wanted to the see the South punished. Advocated political, social and economic equality for the Freedmen. They went after President Johnson through the impeachment process after he vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Northern Congressmen were not pleased. Invoking its constitutional right to examine the credentials of new members, Congress voted not to seat new Southern delegations. Then, it set about examining Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan. Congress was divided among three groups: Conservative Republicans – who generally agreed with Johnson’s plan Radical Republicans – The radicals wanted a Reconstruction plan that punished the South for seceding, confiscated land from the rich and redistributed it among the poor (including of course the freedmen), and extended democratic rights in the South. Moderates who were a large enough contingent to swing a vote in one or the other direction;

16. Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress (1886) “Strip a proud nobility of their bloated estates, send them forth to labor and you will thus humble the proud traitors.” (1886) “I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. If it be just, it should not be denied: if it be necessary, it should be adopted: if it be a punishment of traitors, they deserve it.” (1867) Quotes of Radicals

17. Amnesty :Amnesty : Excused the Confederacy’s war debt Barred prominent Confederates from holding political office Barred prominent Confederates from holding political office Write new state ConstitutionsWrite new state Constitutions Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments reject secession and state’s rights Congress had to approve new state constitutions Military Reconstruction Act of 1867: Divide the South into 5 military districts & forced states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates Help for FreedmenHelp for Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau for education 40 acres and a mule

18. “ No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law equal protection of the laws “All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the laws.” Congressenforce The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 14th The 14 th Amendment prohibited states from depriving any citizen of “life, liberty, or property, without due process.” This was meant to override the effect of the black codes. Johnson campaigned against the amendment and lost. In the Congressional election of 1866, the North voted for a Congress more heavily weighted toward the radical end of the political spectrum.

19. Women rights supporters refused to support the 14th Amendment giving African American Men citizenship unless women were added to it. Abolitionists would not support women’s rights Abolitionists vs Women’s rights

20. Civil Rights: What Blacks want

21. Military Reconstruc tion Each number indicates the Military Districts

22. President Johnson vetoed as many Congressional acts as possible (ex: Civil Rights Act of 1866) Congress believed Johnson was working against Reconstruction and overrode his veto. Pres. Johnson impeached President Johnson vetoed as many Congressional acts as possible (ex: Civil Rights Act of 1866) Congress believed Johnson was working against Reconstruction and overrode his veto. Pres. Johnson impeached Johnson refused to compromise with the Radicals. He declared Reconstruction over and done with. Aware that Johnson would oppose the new Reconstruction, Congress then passed a number of laws designed to limit the president’s power. As expected, Johnson did everything in his power to counteract the Congressional plan. An inflexible President, 1866: Republican cartoon shows Johnson knocking Blacks of the Freedmen’s Bureau by his veto.

23. Impeachment: Impeachment: Bringing charges against the President. Two steps involved…… 1st Step: U. S. House of Representatives hold hearings to decide if there are crimes committed. They then vote on the charges and if there is a majority, then, charges are brought against the President. 2nd Step: U.S. Senate becomes a courtroom. The President is tried for the charges brought against him. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the judge. Once trial is completed, Senators must vote to remove President with a 2/3’s vote. The conflict between Congress and the President reached its climax when the House Judiciary Committee initiated impeachment proceedings against Johnson.

24.  Brought up on 11 charges of high crimes and misdemeanors.  Tenure in Office Act:  Tenure in Office Act: Law Congress passed. President can’t fire any of his cabinet members without consulting Congress.  fired Edwin Stanton  Missed being removed from office by 1 vote  Presidency would suffer as a result of this failed impeachment.  President would be more of a figure-head.  Saved the separation of powers of 3 branches govt. Johnson was charged for violating the Tenure of Office Act, which stated that the President had to secure the consent of the Senate before removing his appointees once they’d been approved. Johnson had fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton. In complete honesty, the House had impeached Johnson because he was getting in the war of Reconstruction. Although impeachment failed (by 1 vote), the trial rendered Johnson politically impotent, and he served the last few months of his presidency and retired.

25.  Once Johnson is impeached, Congress passes Reconstruction Act of 1867.  The South would be reconstructed under the Radical Republicans plan.  Republicans would elect Grant as their President and he would carry out the Radical Reconstruction. “The Strong Government”, 1869-1877. Grant enforcing the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and “forcing” the South to change.

26. “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. With a new president, Ulysses S. Grant, in office, Congress forged ahead in its efforts to remake the South. The 15 th Amendment, proposed in 1869, finally required states to enfranchise black men. Ironically, this Amendment was passed only because Southern states were required to ratify it as a condition of reentry into the Union; a number of Northern states opposed the amendment.

27. 13th Amendment Abolished slavery (1865) 14th Amendment Provided citizenship & equal protection under the law. (1868) 15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all men which included white and black men. (1870) In 1867 and 1869 Congress passed the 14 th and 15th Amendments, granting African American males citizenship, equality under the law and the right to vote. In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose delegates to draft new state constitutions. One quarter of the delegates elected were black. The new state constitutions guaranteed civil rights, allowed poor people to hold political office, and set up a system of public schools and orphanages. A victory for democracy! Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly revolutionary……..A victory for democracy!

28. Black Congressmen  In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time.  More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate in 1870.  Below, the first Black Senators and representatives in the 42st and 42 nd Congress.  In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time.  More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate in 1870.  Below, the first Black Senators and representatives in the 42st and 42 nd Congress.

29. Reconstruction had its share of successes. New state constitutions allowed all Southern men to vote and replaced many appointed government positions. New Southern governments, directed mostly by transplanted Northern Republicans, blacks, and Southern moderates, created public schools and those social institutions such as orphanages. The new governments also stimulated industrial and rail development in the South through loans, grants, and tax exemptions. The fact that blacks were serving in Southern governments represented a huge step forward. New South Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for Reconstruction South becomes industrialized Cities rebuilt Railroads All southern states created public school systems by 1872 Hospitals, 45 in 14 states Diversify economy