1. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION & THE ENLIGHTENMENT

2. BACKGROUND to the REVOLUTION
Medieval scientists were known as “natural philosophers”
Meaning they did not make observations of the natural world
Aristotle was relied on for scientific knowledge
Due to the Renaissance, philosophers were able to learn Greek and Latin

4. NEW INSTRUMENTS Telescope Microscope Printing Press Thermostat
Barometer

5. MATHEMATICS & ASTRONOMY
Played an important role in the scientific achievements
Great mathematicians believed the secrets of nature were found in the language of mathematics
Nicholas Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Their theories became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution
Discoveries in astronomy changed how Westerners viewed the universe

7. PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM
From the ideas of second century A.D. philosopher, Ptolemy
System is called geocentric, which places the Earth as the center of the universe
The universe is a series of concentric spheres
The Earth is fixed as the center of these spheres

9. COPERNICUS
In 1543, he published a book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Believed in a heliocentric, sun-centered, model of the universe
He believed that the Sun, not Earth, was at the center
The planets revolved around the Sun

11. JOHANNES KEPLER
Used detailed astronomical data to create laws of planetary motion
Observation confirmed that the Sun was at the center of the universe
Also discovered that the orbits of the planets around the Sun were not circular, but elliptical

13. GALILEO GALILEI
First European to make observations of the heavens with a telescope
Discovered mountains on the Moon, four moons revolving Jupiter and sunspots
His efforts threatened the Catholic church therefore ordering him to abandon the Copernican system
However, most astronomers had come to accept the heliocentric model

15. ISSAC NEWTON Greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution
In his work, Principia, he defined three laws of motion that govern both the planetary bodies and objects on Earth
Universal law of Gravitation 1. 2. 3.

18. CHEMISTRY
The science of chemistry also arose in the 17th and 18th centuries
Robert Boyle was one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments
His work on the properties of gas led to Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it
Antoine Lavoisier is considered to actually be the founder of modern chemistry

19. WOMEN & SCIENCE Margaret Cavendish Maria Winklemann
One of the most prominent female scientists
Critical of the belief that humans, through science, were masters of nature
Maria Winklemann
Most famous female astronomer in Germany
Discovered the comet
Denied a job at the Berlin Academy because she was a woman

20. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
The scientific method was created during the Scientific Revolution
It is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing
Francis Bacon developed the scientific method
Believed scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature
Believed that science could give humans power over nature

21. The enlightenment

22. PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Enlightenment was an 18th century philosophical movement of intellectuals
Influenced by John Locke and Isaac Newton
The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known as philosophes
To these philosophes, the purpose of philosophy was to change the world
A spirit of rational criticism was to be applied to everything

23. PHILOSOPHERS Montesquieu Wrote The Spirit of the Laws in 1748
He identified three basic kinds of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies
Identified three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial
Government functioned through the separation of powers
His work was translated into English and influenced the US Constitution

24. PHILOSOPHERS Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)
Greatest figure of the Enlightenment
Wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays and histories
Known for his criticism of Christianity
Believed in deism, based on natural law and reason
In the Deists’ view, a mechanic God had created the universe

25. PHILOSOPHERS Denis Diderot
Writer who studied and read in many subjects and languages
Most famous contribution was his Encyclopedia
Purpose was to “change the general way of thinking”
Articles attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration
Helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

26. ADAM SMITH & FREE ENTERPRISE
Wrote the book The Wealth of Nations in 1776
Believed the government should not interfere in economic matters
Believed the government should play three roles:
Protect society from invasion
Defending citizens from injustice
Keeping certain public works, such as roads and canals

27. The Spread of the Enlightenment
Enlightenment ideas were spread through the salon
Common people were unaware of what was taking place
It had the greatest appeal to aristocrats and the upper class
Development of daily newspapers and magazines
The first daily newspaper was printed in London in 1702

28. Religion John Wesley Spread Methodism
Preached to masses in open fields
Sermons caused people to have conversion experiences
Founded the Methodist Church

29. European Music
Johann Sebastian Bach & George Frederick Handel perfected baroque musical style
Franz Joseph Haydn & Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote classical music

30. SEVEN YEARS WAR
Prussian leader, Maria Theresa rebuilt her army and worked to separate Prussia from its chief ally, France
Two sided war: Britain vs. France & Austria vs. Prussia
France abandoned Prussia and allied with Austria and Russia joined them
Three major areas: Europe, India, and North America

31. European Front
Two major alliances: The British and the Prussians against the Austrians, Russians and the French
Frederick the Great of Prussia was able to defeat the Austrian, French, and Russian armies for a time
Prussian forces ran out of steam and were defeated until Peter III of Russia withdrew his troops
Caused a stalemate and the European war ended in 1763 with all occupied territories returning to their original owners

32. North American Front
French North America (Canada and Louisiana) was run by French government as a vast trading area; fur, leather, fish and timber
British North America consisted of 13 colonies
Fought over two areas: Gulf of the St. Lawrence River & the Ohio River Valley
French gained support from the Indians; French-Indian War

33. North American Front French established ports in the Ohio River Valley
The French had more troops but not enough naval support
In 1759, British forces defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec
The British went on to seize Montreal, The Great Lakes area, and the Ohio River Valley
The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 which officially ended the war
Great Britain had become the world’s greatest colonial power