1. Gender: South American Small Scale Mining and other mineral-based activities Maria Helena M. Rocha Lima Zuleica C. Castilhos Nuria Fernández Castro CENTRE FOR MINERAL TECHNOLOGY (BRAZIL) Sharing Experience: Enhancing the Benefits to Communities from Extractive Industry Projects Washington - June 19th, 2006

2. CETEM/MCT Centre for Mineral Technology Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil Promote the Brazilian technological development creating solutions compatible to the sustainable use of non-renewable resources and to the environment preservation, thus contributing to the social welfare and to the economical progress of the country.

3. Gender in mining? There are no women in mining, just men! There are women in mining and always have been, but they are invisible to society. Picture from De Re Metallica made by Georgius Agricola in 1556.

4. Gender in mining? There are no women in mining, just men! Even in mining areas, where women have worked, people don’t remember. Why? Coal mining women from Santa Catarina, Brazil (1937 – 1964)

5. Some Statistics from the Extractive Industries (EI) labor force in Brazil Male FemaleTotal Female Participation (%) EI labor force 218.003 16.866234.869 7,18 Total labor force 40.860.097 24.769.796 65.629.892 37,74 EI / total (%) 0,53 0,070,36 Source: Demographic Census 2000, IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)

6. Extractive Industries Labour Force distribution by activity and gender, 2000 – Brazil (%) MaleFemaleTotal Female Participation Coal Extraction 2,241,042,153,47 Petroleum, Natural Gas and Related Activities 9,8916,3510,3611,33 Radioactive Minerals Extraction 0,060,000,060,00 Precious Metals Extraction 6,193,866,024,61 Metallic Minerals Extraction – except Precious and Radioactive Minerals 4,164,924,218,39 Stones and other Building Materials 32,2524,9831,735,65 Gems (Precious Stones) Extraction 6,025,625,996,73 Other No Metallic Minerals Extraction 4,344,884,388,00 Unspecified Minerals Extraction 34,8538,3535,107,85 Total Extractive Industries 100,00 7,18 Source: Demographic Census 2000, IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)

7. Roles of women in mining?  Mining workers, administration  Care, commerce  Cookers, prostitutes other “services”  Mothers, sisters, daughters, wives and widows of male miners  Workers of others mineral based activities (supplies, handicraft...)

8. Where are the women in mining ? -In big and medium-sized mining operations, women represent 2-25% of the labour force. In Latin America, this figures are around 10%. -Within the Artisanal and Small Scale Mining, there are empirical indications that female participation is inversely proportional to operations size. ILO statistics indicate that female labour force in Small Scale Mining is about 30% (average).

9. PROSUL: First South American Project on Gender and Child Labour in Artisanal and Small Scale Mining Argentine, Bolivia, Brazil and Peru Workshops: March and December, 2005 Field Studies: –Artisanal Mining (gems) in Misiones (Argentine) by Andrea Mastrangelo –Gold Artisanal Mining in Bolivia by Ana Maria Aranibar –Child Labour in Artisanal Mining in Peru by Cesar Mosquera –Family business in the Soapstone Handicraft in Brazil by CETEM/UFOP group

10. Bolivia – Gold Artisanal Mining Peru – Child Labour in Artisanal Mining Brazil – Family Business in the Soapstone Handicraft Argentina – Artisanal Mining (Gems)

11. Precious Miseries: Child Labour and Gender (Misiones, Argentina) Andrea Mastrangelo Universidad Nacional de Misiones – CONICET - Argentine

12. (Misiones, Argentina) Precious stones informal extraction and commerce

13. Women in artisanal gold production (Bolivia) Ana Maria Aranibar, Cumbre del Sajama

14. Bolivian mining women self-diagnostic their working and living conditions

15. Child Labour in Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (Peru) Cesar Mosquera ILO - Peru

16. Family business in the Soapstone Handicraft (Brazil) Zuleica Castilhos, Maria Helena Lima, Nuria Castro, Olívia Bezerra and Alessandra Portugal CETEM, Brazil

17. Gendered tasks in soapstone handicraft, Minas Gerais (Brazil)

18. Minas Gerais - Brazil Unhealthy environment

19. Common characteristics Poverty and lack of opportunities Women-headed families (in male organized societies) Informal Artisanal Mining Unhealthy and risky working environment

20. THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!! OBRIGADA!! Maria Helena Rocha Lima CETEM/MCT – Brazil mrocha:@cetem.gov.br