1. Presenter: Bilal Gonen Simulation of Spatial Self-Organization in a Stepping Stone Environment

2. Outline Definition of Self-Organization Our Beetle-World experiment EvoSimulator Tool Questions & Comments

3. Self-Organization Self-organization is the process where a structure or pattern appears in a system without a central authority or external element imposing it through planning.

4. Schools of fish

5. Source: Experimental Evidence for Spatial Self- Organization and Its Emergent Effects in Mussel Bed Ecosystems, Johan van de Koppel, Joanna C. Gascoigne, Guy Theraulaz, Max Rietkerk, Wolf M. Mooij and Peter M. J. Herman Science 31 October 2008, Vol. 322 no. 5902 pp. 739- 742 Self-Organizing Mussels

6. Ant Colonies Source: Vitorino Ramos, Fernando Muge, Pedro Pina, Self-Organized Data and Image Retrieval as a Consequence of Inter- Dynamic Synergistic Relationships in Artificial Ant Colonies, in Javier Ruiz-del-Solar, Ajith Abraham and Mario Köppen (Eds.), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Soft Computing Systems - Design, Management and Applications, 2nd Int. Conf. on Hybrid Intelligent Systems, IOS Press, Vol. 87, ISBN 1 5860 32976, pp. 500-509, Santiago, Chile, Dec. 2002. initial state 2 hours later 6 hours later26 hours later

7. Outline Definition of Self-Organization Our Beetle-World experiment EvoSimulator Tool Questions & Comments

8. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 EvoSimulation Example

9. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 EvoSimulation Example

10. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 EvoSimulation Example

11. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 EvoSimulation Example

12. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 EvoSimulation Example We split the stepping stones into subdivisions based on their FST values FST (Fixation index) is a measure of population differentiation, genetic distance, based on genetic polymorphism data.

13. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 EvoSimulation Example We split the stepping stones into subdivisions based on their FST values

14. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Produce offspring and put them into stepping stones EvoSimulation Example

15. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Produce offspring and put them into stepping stones EvoSimulation Example

16. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Fill Vacancies in the stepping stones EvoSimulation Example

17. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Fill Vacancies in the stepping stones EvoSimulation Example

18. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Kill parent individuals EvoSimulation Example

19. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Kill parent individuals EvoSimulation Example

20. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Grow up the children EvoSimulation Example

21. Parameters Number of stepping stones = 5 Number of individuals per stepping stone = 6 Number of alleles = 5 Number of generations = 10 Grow up the children EvoSimulation Example

22. EvoSimulation Steps Creating individuals and initializing stepping stones Grouping the stepping stonesCreating new generations Produce offspring and put them into stepping stones Fill Vacancies in the stepping stones Kill parent individuals

23. Grouping the stepping stones

24. ID: 1ID: 2ID: 3ID: 4ID: 5 Split point ID: 6ID: 7ID: 8ID: 9 Group-1Group-2 ID: 1ID: 2ID: 3ID: 4ID: 5 Split point ID: 6ID: 7ID: 8ID: 9 Group-1Group-2 ID: 1ID: 2ID: 3ID: 4ID: 5 Split point ID: 6ID: 7ID: 8ID: 9 Group-1Group-2 ID: 1ID: 2ID: 3ID: 4ID: 5ID: 6ID: 7ID: 8ID: 9 Group-1 Group-3 Let’s assume splitting between plate-5 and plate-6 gives the maximum FST. Then the result will be as below. Group-2

26. Outline Definition of Self-Organization Our Beetle-World experiment EvoSimulator Tool Questions & Comments

28. These are the default values.

29. Let’s change this one

33. Click this button

35. 8 is the last generation

36. This is how the beetles are placed in the plates

37. This is the FST for this generation if the plates are grouped in this way

38. Let’s go to another generation to see how the groupings and FST changes below.

42. Let’s change number of groups to see how the groupings and FST changes below.

44. FST increased as expected.

45. Let’s make this 4 and 5.

49. This graph represents FST-Delta vs. Number of groups

50. Change here to see FST vs. Number of groups

53. Simulator: www.evosimulator.com Web: www.bilalgonen.com Email: bilalgonen@gmail.com

54. Outline Definition of Self-Organization Our Beetle-World experiment EvoSimulator Tool Questions & Comments

55. Questions, Comments Thank you… Email: bilalgonen@gmail.com Web: www.bilalgonen.com