2. Fertilized egg lodges in the uterus wall – endometrium – where it receives nourishment.

3. Menstrual Cycle consists for four steps: approximately 28 days before repeating 1. Building up endometrium – follicular phase 2. Ovulation – releasing the egg 3. Preparing for pregnancy – luteal phase - releasing hormones in case of fertilization. 4. Shedding the endometrium – menstruation - if fertilization does not occur.

4. Female Menstrual Cycle 1421 142128 days 071421 Pituitary gland Progesterone Estrogen 28 days FSH LH Brain Hormone Levels Ovarian Cycle Sex Hormone Levels Endometrial changes 07 07

5. Female Menstrual Cycle Follicular phase 1421 142128 days 071421 Developing follicles Pituitary gland Progesterone Estrogen 28 days FSH Brain Hormone Levels Ovarian Cycle Sex Hormone Levels Endometrial changes 07 07 Follicular phase (Days 1-7) Menstruation finishes. Endometrium completes break down. FSH secretion begins. New follicle begins to develop.

6. 1421 142128 days 071421 Ovulation Pituitary gland Progesterone Estrogen 28 days FSH LH 07 07 Female Menstrual Cycle Brain Hormone Levels Ovarian Cycle Sex Hormone Levels Endometrial changes Follicular phase (Days 7-14) Follicle matures. Estrogen is released. Endometrium rebuilds. LH spike. Ovulation occurs. Follicular phase

7. 1421 142128 days 071421 Luteal phase Corpus luteum Pituitary gland Progesterone Estrogen 28 days FSH LH 07 07 Female Menstrual Cycle Brain Hormone Levels Ovarian Cycle Sex Hormone Levels Endometrial changes Luteal phase (Days 14-21) Corpus luteum forms. Progesterone secretions begins. Endometrium grows. LH / FSH decreases.

8. 1421 142128 days 071421 Luteal phase Corpus luteum Pituitary gland Progesterone Estrogen 28 days FSH LH 07 07 Female Menstrual Cycle Brain Hormone Levels Ovarian Cycle Sex Hormone Levels Endometrial changes Luteal phase (Days 21-28) Corpus luteum begins to die. Hormones decrease. Endometrium begins breakdown. Menstruation begins.

9. 1421 142128 days 071421 Regression Pituitary gland Progesterone Estrogen 28 days FSH LH 07 07 Female Menstrual Cycle Brain Hormone Levels Ovarian Cycle Sex Hormone Levels Endometrial changes Cycle complete Menstruation continues into next cycle.

10. LH spike causes ovulation FSH causes follicle to develop. Follicle matures and releases Estrogen. Corpus Luteum forms and releases Progesterone. No pregnancy - CL dies. Follicle cell

11. The Female reproductive system: Receive sperm, release egg, protect zygote. Fertilization occurs in the Oviduct. Release of a mature egg is called – Ovulation. Menstrual Cycle – endometrium (uterus lining) prepares for a zygote FSH – triggers follicle cells to mature and make estrogen. Estrogen – stimulates thickening of endometrium. LH – spike triggers ovulation. Progesterone – made by corpus luteum, maintains endometrium.

12. Birth Control

13. Common Birth Control Methods Each method has health risks associated with using it. 1.Abstinence - means “stopping yourself from having it.” - most effective method – 100% duh! 2. Oral contraceptives (pill) - contain estrogen and progesterone. - lowers LH and FSH, so no new ovulation. - 99% (if taken properly)

14. 3.Rhythm Method - Tracking ovulation dates. - NO sex 3 days before and after ovulation. - Ovulation is difficult to predict. - 90% (if perfectly predicted) 4. Condom - Prevents semen from entering vagina. - Latex condom also prevents most STIs - 98% (if perfectly used)

15. General Methods Perfect Use Typical Use (with Failure) Abstinence10098 Withdrawal9670 Rhythm Method9070 Medical Methods Pill 99.590 Emergency Pill (morning after)9995 Spermicides (gels and creams)9580 Shot (female)99.5 Patch (female)99 Genital Devices Condom9885 Cervical Caps (Diaphragms)9880 Intrauterine Device (IUD)9995 Surgeries Vasectomy (male)99.599 Tubal Litigation (female)99.599

16. Sexually Transmitted Infections

17. AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome –Caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) –Infects and weakens the immune system. –Transmitted by blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal fluid. –Treated with anti-viral medication (no cure) Genital herpes –Transmitted by Herpes Simplex virus. –Type 1 virus generally causes cold sores while type 2 is associated with genital blisters. –After blisters heal the virus becomes dormant until reactivated. –Treated with anti-viral medication. (no cure)

18. Genital warts –Caused by human papilloma virus. –Flat, raised warts on genitals. –Implicated in many forms of genital cancers. –Treatment – surgery or chemical solutions. Chlamydia –Caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomitis. 5 times as many women as men are diagnosed. –Painful urination, burning, mucus discharge. –Treatment - antibiotics.

19. Gonorrhea –Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrheoae. –Males - painful urinations, greenish-yellow discharge –Females - no symptoms until pelvic inflammatory disease develops –Treatment - antibiotics Syphilis –Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. –Rash, hair loss, severe sores (ulcers) –Serious symptoms are ruptured blood vessels (aneurysms) and psychological disturbances. –Treatment – antibiotics

20. Sexual intercourse is RISKY….and LIFE-THREATENING. Summary: